What Is a Circuit Board Used For?

Circuit boards are used to control electrical current in electronics. They include components like a battery, resistor, and capacitor. Each one serves a specific purpose, allowing electricity to flow from higher to lower voltages. This ensures that appliances receive the correct amount of power. You can learn more about circuit boards in this article.

Single-layer PCB

Single-layer circuit board is a standardized design used to support the proper assembly of various parts. This allows for automated production in high volumes. Single-sided PCBs can be used to create complex circuits and even complete machines. These boards are produced in standard quantities and include standard parts, making them easy to inspect and repair. In addition, single-layer PCBs are relatively inexpensive.

A single-layer PCB is made up of one conductive layer, which is usually copper. The copper conducts the current to various components along a pre-planned route. The various components are connected to the base layer with pads and vias. The board is then fixed into place using a mounting hole.

Deska s plošnými spoji

Printed circuit boards are used in a variety of different applications. For example, a PCB may be used for a communication system, a self-driving car, or medical equipment. These PCBs must be durable and high-powered, and they may be exposed to harsh chemicals and high temperatures. Some of these PCBs are made with extra-thick metals for durability.

The basic PCB is made up of multiple layers of copper, usually arranged in pairs. Its complexity depends on how many layers are used, and the interconnection design. More layers mean more routing possibilities and better control of signal integrity, but more layers mean more work for the manufacturers. The choice of vias is another important factor. These allow for more fine-tuning of the board size, as well as escape of signals from complex ICs.

Inductor

An inductor is a resonant component which changes the frequency of an electrical signal. Typically, an inductor has a value ranging from two microhertz (mH) to ten microhertz (H). This type of circuitry has several advantages over resistive components, and is therefore a common choice for filtering high-frequency signals. It can reduce the DC resistance and parasitic shunt capacitance, as well as the high-frequency feedthrough of a system. However, inductors are not without their limitations, and they require special considerations when used for wide-band measurements at sub-millivolt levels.

Inductors on PCBs are a popular choice for RF applications. They are inexpensive and can be manufactured in large quantities. They are also suitable for implantable systems, because they can conform to the body’s curvature.

Capacitor

Capacitors are used in electronics for a wide range of applications. Their use is particularly useful in digital and electronic equipment. As their name suggests, capacitors are made of thin, conductive materials that are embedded between two layers of copper. This is done to minimize the parasitic inductance and electromagnetic interference (EMI) generated by the capacitors. As a result, capacitors made with this type of material are especially useful for handheld, computing, and telecommunication equipment.

To replace a capacitor, first make sure that the device is unplugged and turned off. Next, open the casing to reveal the multiple tabs and screws. If you see the cap is damaged or blown out, you can remove it and replace it with a new one.

Silkscreen printing

Silkscreen printing on circuit boards is a common printing method that requires special inks. Inks used for this purpose are typically epoxy-based and are non-conductive. While white ink is the most common color, black and yellow inks can also be used. Companies can also choose which typeface they want to use. Most PCB software will include standard fonts, but custom ones can also be designed.

When it comes to selecting a font size, the designer must first take the PCB dimensions into consideration. This will determine the size of the text that can be silkscreened. Typically, the font size should range from 35 to 50 mils. The width of the lines should be no less than five mils. In addition, the lines on the silkscreen should be oriented from left to right and from top to bottom to ensure legibility.

Jak sestavit desku plošných spojů pro hlupáky

Naučit se sestavit desku plošných spojů je jednodušší, než si možná myslíte. Existuje mnoho různých způsobů, jak ji vytvořit. Prvním krokem je nakreslit schéma zapojení. Bude se podobat hře na spojování bodů, kdy je třeba nakreslit čáry spojující jednotlivé součástky. Jakmile schéma nakreslíte, program vám ukáže, jak k sobě jednotlivé součástky připojit.

Deska s plošnými spoji

Deska s plošnými spoji (DPS) je základní součást elektronického zařízení. Skládá se z vodivých podložek a vložených kovových povrchů. Na tyto plošky se připájejí elektronické součástky. DPS mohou mít jednu, dvě nebo více vrstev obvodů. Účelem desky plošných spojů je zajistit elektrické propojení a stabilitu mezi všemi součástkami.

Při práci na desce plošných spojů je důležité pochopit, jak jsou součástky propojeny. Správné rozmístění součástek povede k lepšímu výkonu a kvalitě signálu. Správné umístění začíná umístěním hlavních komponent, jako jsou procesor, paměť, analogové obvody a konektory. Dále je třeba určit umístění všech pomocných součástí, jako jsou oddělovací kondenzátory a montážní otvory. Měli byste také vzít v úvahu všechny fyzické překážky, jako jsou kabely, konektory a montážní hardware, protože ty mohou bránit umístění některých součástí.

Navrhování desek plošných spojů

Při návrhu desky plošných spojů je třeba zvážit několik faktorů. Za prvé se musíte ujistit, že deska splňuje všechny požadavky na umístění a vlastnosti součástek. Dále byste měli zvážit fyzické rozměry součástek a také hmotnost a délku stop desky. Důležité je také zvážit, jak budou součástky na desce umístěny.

DPS má několik vrstev, které se nazývají podložky. Tyto stopy jsou na desce vyleptány a jsou ekvivalentem vodivých vodičů v obvodu. Úkolem konstruktéra DPS je vést tyto stopy podle schématu. Mohou být dlouhé nebo krátké v závislosti na součástkách, které spojují. Mohou také tvořit pravotočivé nebo levotočivé odbočky. Vzhledem k malému půdorysnému rozměru desky musí konstruktéři znát nejlepší způsob vedení stop.

Výběr menších součástí

Při sestavování desky plošných spojů je důležité zvolit správné balení součástek pro návrh desky plošných spojů. Mistr plošných spojů se přiklání k větším balíčkům, ale existují případy, kdy jsou nutné menší balíčky. Volba příliš malého balení může ovlivnit výtěžnost montáže a ztížit přepracování desky. Přepracování desky může být nákladově efektivnější než výměna součástek.

Pájení

Pokud se zajímáte o elektroniku a elektronické projekty, pravděpodobně jste již slyšeli o pájení. Tato technika spočívá v nanášení kovové slitiny zvané pájka na elektronické součástky, aby se vytvořilo pevné elektrické spojení. Jakmile je proces pájení dokončen, můžete k odstranění součástek použít nástroj pro odpájení. Dobrou zprávou je, že k tomu, abyste mohli začít, nepotřebujete drahé pájecí nástroje. Pro většinu projektů vám postačí základní pájecí materiály.

Při pájení desek plošných spojů používejte svorku nebo stojan. Před zahájením pájení si připravte součástky. Nezapomeňte zkontrolovat barevné označení jednotlivých součástek, abyste se vyhnuli chybě. Při pájení rezistorů nebo jiných součástek budete také muset ohnout vývody tak, aby se na desku vešly. Dbejte na to, abyste nepřekročili specifikace napětí součástky.

Leptání

Při leptání desky plošných spojů je nutné použít správný chemický roztok. Kyselinu chlorovodíkovou nebo peroxid vodíku lze zakoupit v každém železářství. Obecně platí, že litr každé z těchto chemikálií stačí na leptání velkého množství desek plošných spojů. Je však důležité se ujistit, že jste chemický roztok připravili správně před zahájením procesu. Kromě toho musíte použít plastovou vaničku, která je dostatečně velká, aby se do ní vešly desky plošných spojů.

Po procesu fotolitografie je třeba povrch desky očistit. V posledním kroku byste měli odstranit cínový povlak. Jedná se o dočasné řešení, které ochrání požadovanou vrstvu mědi.

Substrát

Při sestavování desky s plošnými spoji je třeba zvážit mnoho faktorů. Jedním z nejdůležitějších je materiál, ze kterého bude deska vyrobena. Existuje mnoho různých typů materiálů, včetně vodivých a nevodivých. Typ substrátu, který zvolíte, by měl záviset na typu projektu, na kterém pracujete.

Substrát je materiál, který se používá k výrobě desek s plošnými spoji. Jednostranná deska s plošnými spoji se skládá z jednoho substrátu a jedné vrstvy základního materiálu. Horní část substrátu je potažena tenkou vrstvou mědi nebo jiného vodivého materiálu. Na vrstvu mědi je pak umístěna ochranná pájecí maska. Na horní straně desky je také nanesena poslední sítotisková vrstva pro označení jednotlivých prvků.

Jak vyhledat desku plošných spojů

There are several ways to look up a circuit board and determine its components. The first step is to know the components’ names, which are part numbers. Next, determine which type of component it is. These components can be resistors, capacitors, inductors, or potentiometers. The resistors will be marked with an ohm measurement mark. The ohm symbol looks like the Greek letter Omega. One example is 100MO, which stands for one hundred megaohms. Other components that may be on a board include oscillators and diodes, which are marked with the letter D. Relays, on the other hand, are usually marked with a K.

Part Numbers

Part numbers are used to identify parts on printed circuit boards. They make repairs or replacements easy, and help ensure the integrity of electronic devices. Circuit boards are manufactured over months or years, and their designs often change. Some boards also include individual serial numbers, which help technicians identify the right part in a problem or repair.

Copper layer

When designing a circuit board, it is important to consider the thickness of the copper layer. Depending on the amount of current to be transported and the type of circuit, copper thickness may vary. For instance, PCBs with high current levels require more copper than a low-voltage board. Usually, copper layer thickness is specified in ounces per square foot. However, some PCBs use two or three ounces per square foot for high-power circuits. A standard ounce-per-square-foot copper sheet is 34 micrometers thick.

Substrát

Circuit boards are commonly made of different types of substrates. The type of material a board is made from will determine its performance. Substrates are usually selected based on their electrical properties, environmental properties, and form factor.

Power rails

When building circuits, you will often need to connect power to different locations. This is made easy by the power rails. Each power rail is labeled with + or -, and may have a red, blue, or black stripe.

Tranzistory

If you want to make sure that a transistor is compatible with a certain circuit, you need to know how to look up its part number on a circuit board. Most transistors have a part number, which usually starts with “2N.” This part number usually indicates the type of transistor and is not necessarily a standard format.

LEDs

LED PCBs are one of the most popular types of circuit boards. They are used in virtually every type of circuit today. To look up a circuit board, you first need to download the Kicad software. Once you’ve downloaded it, you’ll need to unzip the Kicad design files. These files include the Pro, CMP, Kicad PCB layout, and schematic.

Resistors

Resistors on a circuit board play a critical role in a circuit. If the resistors are damaged, it can lead to a failure. When you choose a resistor, you need to consider its maximum current carrying capacity. If the resistors are too low in this capacity, they will not protect your electrical components from high current fluctuations. High power resistors are available for high-current applications.

Induktory

There are a few key properties to know when choosing inductors. First, you need to know the self-resonant frequency of the inductor. It must be at least 1.5 times the operating frequency. Also, you need to know the DC resistance and impedance. These properties are critical when choosing inductors that will filter electromagnetic interference.

Jak se vyrábějí desky s plošnými spoji?

One of the most important components of any printed circuit board is the connection holes. These holes are drilled in a precise pattern to allow the circuits to connect to one another. Automated drilling machines utilize numerically controlled drill files, also called excellon files, to determine where to drill and how big to make the holes. Depending on the PCB’s structure, drilling can be done one layer at a time or in layers prior to lamination.

Multi-layer PCBs

A multi-layer PCB is a printed circuit board with more than three layers. These boards are used in a wide variety of devices, from home appliances to medical devices. Typically, a board needs at least four layers to function properly. This technology is becoming more prevalent in household appliances and is becoming more common in medical devices, such as X-ray machines and CAT scan equipment.

The process of multi-layer PCB manufacturing involves using woven glass cloth and epoxy resin. The epoxy resins are then cured, forming the core of the board. Afterwards, the core and copper sheeting are bonded together by heat and pressure. This results in a multi-layer PCB with uniform properties.

Another manufacturing process is panelization, which is the process of combining multiple small printed circuit boards onto a single panel. This technique combines several different designs onto one large board. Each panel consists of an outer tooling strip that has tooling holes, panel fiducials, and a test coupon. Some panels also include a hatched copper pour to help prevent bending during the paneling process. Panelization is common when components are mounted close to the edge of a board.

Class 2 and 3 PCBs

While most manufacturers of Class 2 and Class 3 printed circuit boards adhere to the same standards, there are a few key differences between these two classes. Class 2 boards are typically manufactured for products that are not exposed to extreme environmental conditions, are not critical to the end user, and are not subject to rigorous testing. Class 3 boards, on the other hand, are designed to meet the highest standards and must provide continuous performance and minimal downtime. The main difference between the two classes is the requirements for board design and manufacturing process.

Class 2 and 3 printed circuit boards are made to IPC-6011 standards. These standards describe the requirements for Class 1, Class 2, and Class 3 printed circuit boards. There are also newer IPC standards called Class 3/A. These are designed for military avionics and space applications. Class 1 and Class 2 PCBs must meet the IPC’s Rigid, Flex, and MCM-L standards.

Single-sided PCBs

Single-sided printed circuit boards (PCBs) are a common and relatively easy to design circuit board. As a result, most manufacturers and designers can design and build these boards. Single-sided PCBs are also easier to produce than multi-layered PCBs. As a result, almost any PCB manufacturing company can produce them. Single-sided PCBs are most commonly ordered in high quantities.

Single-sided PCBs are typically made of FR4 material, a fiberglass-like substance mixed with epoxy. The material is formed into multiple layers, with each layer containing one layer of conductive material. Leads are then soldered to copper tracks on the component side. Single-sided PCBs were originally used to fabricate prototype circuit boards, but as the demand for surface-mount components grew, they were replaced by multi-layer PCBs.

Single-sided PCBs are the simplest and cheapest form of printed circuit boards. They feature a single layer of conductive copper above the substrate. In addition, there are no via holes in single-sided PCBs. As such, they are most suited for low-density designs. They are easy to manufacture and are often available in short lead times.

Flex PCBs

There are several steps that take place in the production of flex PCBs. The first step involves designing the layout of the board. This can be done using CAD tools such as Proteus, Eagle, or OrCAD. After the layout has been designed, the assembly process can begin.

The next step involves routing the conductors. The width of the conductors should be set at a standard for the device. However, the number of conductors may vary depending on the design. The standard conductor width is necessary for a circuit that requires a certain percentage of circuit current. Depending on the design, the diameters of holes can also vary.

After the template has been etched, the flex circuit is cut using a process called “blanking”. A hydraulic punch and die set is used for this process, but its tooling costs can be high. Another option is using a blanking knife. A blanking knife is a long razor blade that is bent into the shape of the flex circuit outline. It is then inserted into a slot in a backing board, usually MDF or plywood.

Types of PCB Boards

PCB boards come in many types. There are Rigid, Conventional, Multi-layer, and Single-sided varieties. Each has a specific purpose and application. To learn more about PCBs, read on. These boards are used in bulk manufacturing, radio, printers, and solid-state drives, among others.

Rigid PCBs

Rigid PCBs are made up of several layers, with the first layer being the substrate. Typically, this layer is made from FR4 fiberglass, which is stiffer than phenolics and epoxies. It also includes copper foil, which helps transmit data along different paths.

Rigid PCBs are used in heavy-duty and light-duty applications and are highly durable. They are not subject to distortion and can withstand high temperatures and stress. This makes them ideal for appliances and electronic devices. Moreover, they are RoHS compliant. They can also be easily repaired and assembled.

Rigid PCBs have many uses in the automotive industry. They can be used in vehicles of moderate to large size. Due to their high-temperature laminates, they protect the circuitry from the harsh environment and engine heat. Additionally, they can be used in AC/DC power converters. Rigid PCBs are also used for avionics, including aircraft instruments and auxiliary Power Units.

Rigid PCBs are the most commonly manufactured type of PCB. These are made from solid substrate materials that prevent the circuit board from deforming. A computer motherboard is an example of a rigid PCB. It is made of many layers and connects all the computer parts together. Rigid PCBs can be single-sided, double-sided, or even multi-layered.

Conventional PCBs

Conventional PCBs are aromatic hydrocarbon compounds made of two benzene rings linked together by a carbon-carbon bond. These compounds contain up to ten chlorine atoms and can exist in a variety of forms, from yellowish resins to viscous liquids. The resulting materials exhibit excellent dielectric properties and are resistant to high temperatures and chemical degradation. These materials do not degrade in the presence of light, so they can be safely disposed of without harming the environment.

Conventional PCBs can be categorized into two major types: rigid and flexible. Rigid PCBs are the most common type of PCB, and are most often used for devices that require a PCB to stay in one shape. These circuit boards can be single or double-layered. They are generally less expensive than flexible PCBs.

Single-sided and double-sided PCBs both have their benefits and drawbacks. Single-sided PCBs are easy to design and manufacture and can be purchased at a low price in bulk orders. They are suited for circuits with intermediate complexity. Common examples include power supplies, instrumentation, and industrial controls.

Multi-layer PCBs

High-tech multi-layer PCBs are designed to meet the requirements of complex industrial setups. They can be manufactured with four, eight, ten, twelve, and fourteen layers. Multi-layer PCBs are suitable for applications requiring ruggedness, such as medical equipment and military hardware.

Typically, multi-layer PCBs are composed of copper and insulating layers. A proper design of these boards is crucial for better electrical performance. However, a poorly designed board or the wrong choice of materials can decrease the overall performance and lead to higher emissions and crosstalk. Furthermore, improper layers can increase the PCB’s sensitivity to external noise.

A multi-layer PCB is more expensive than a standard printed circuit board. The manufacturing process for multilayer boards is more complex, requiring detailed manufacturing drawings and additional ground planes. Creating these output files is more efficient with modern CAD software. A multilayer PCB can fit more circuits on a single board and allows for greater space.

Single-sided PCBs

Single-sided printed circuit boards, also known as single-sided PCBs, are a type of circuit board with just one layer of conductive material. The board has one side in which electronic components are mounted and the other side is where the circuit is etched. These single-sided boards are easy to manufacture and have lower costs than double-sided circuit boards. Single-sided PCBs are widely used in a variety of electronic devices.

Single-sided PCB boards are used for very simple, low-cost electrical devices. Examples of these devices are LED Lighting boards, radios, Timing Circuits, and power supplies. However, single-sided PCBs are not recommended for complex projects. They may not be able to provide enough functionality for your project.

Single-sided PCB boards are often used for prototypes and hobbyist projects. They are lightweight and can withstand a variety of conditions. In addition, they are easy to replace. Some of their benefits include high-density mounting, high-density element mounting, and mechanical fastening.