Jak sestavit desku plošných spojů

Before you start soldering, you should create a schematic design. This will help you choose the components you need and help you choose the correct placement. You can also use a pick and place machine to help you with the process. Once you have the schematic and components selected, you can begin assembling the board.

Creating a schematic design

If you have a design for an electronic circuit, you will need to create a schematic design. These diagrams are dense with information, including components, connectors, and pins. They should be labeled and arranged in the right order. These diagrams are used by people who are familiar with electronics and circuits.

Schematics are created in an electronic CAD system, specifically made for designing printed circuit boards. A schematic is a diagram of the electronic circuitry and uses industry-standard symbols and notations to represent different components. Each physical component will have an identifying symbol on the schematic.

After creating the schematic design, the next step is to create the printed circuit board layout and BOM. Altium Designer can automatically link the schematic data with the printed circuit board layout and BOM. As you create the circuit board layout, Altium Designer compiles the schematic data. Then, it automatically converts the SchDoc file into a PcbDoc file. Then, it opens an Engineering Change Order dialog, where you can list the individual components in the schematic.

Using a pick and place machine

Pick and place machines are a highly-efficient way to assemble circuit boards. They can place components on the board to an exact millimeter, reducing the space that must be allocated to each component. The machines also allow for greater productivity, helping designers create more advanced PCBs in a shorter period of time. These machines can also reduce the cost of PCB production.

The Pick and Place machine is loaded with components and has multiple feeds for each component. The machine’s various feeds can take reels, tubes, or even waffle packs. As a result, it can automatically pick the right parts for the board.

Using a metal sheet

When you are ready to assemble your circuit board, you need to start by transferring your design onto a metal sheet. The sheet needs to be large enough to cover the entire printed circuit board. You should also make sure that the apertures of the metal sheet match the PCB pattern. The thickness of the metal sheet should be uniform, as even a tiny undercut can cause significant problems at a later stage.

The metal core of the circuit board is the thickest material on the board. This metal layer provides rigidity and keeps the circuit flat. It also provides sufficient thickness to secure mounting hardware. The exposed metal sheet side of the board is usually unfinished and has no solder mask.

Pájecí pasta

Solder paste is an important part of the PCB assembly process. It’s used to fill holes in the PCB so that electrical components can be attached. The solder layer must be applied in the correct manner to ensure that the components are secured. To ensure that the solder layer is properly applied, the PCB must have a flat surface. To fill different-sized holes, the solder paste must be applied selectively. A common technique for this purpose is solder paste printing.

When designing the PCB, a stencil is created so that the solder paste can be applied accurately. These stencils are often laser-cut and are made from a variety of materials. The stencils can be made from Mylar, stainless steel, or polyimide.

Using a stencil

Using a stencil to assemble traces on a circuit board is an important component of the PCB assembly process. It can help ensure that the traces are exactly aligned. The stencil can also help ensure that solder paste is applied in the right location. To use a stencil, you need to prepare the PCB surface in advance.

There are various stencil sizes and shapes available, and choosing the correct stencil is essential in ensuring a successful solder joint. The stencil size and thickness must be selected according to the layout of the components. In addition, the stencil’s aperture size plays a crucial role in determining the amount of solder paste that is transferred. Using too little or too much solder paste can result in bridging and weak joints, which can affect the functionality of the final printed circuit board.

Jak vybrat správnou desku plošných spojů pro můj projekt?

Before purchasing a PCB board for your project, it is essential to know exactly what your needs are. There are several factors to consider, including material, trace width and component spacing. The PCB material will determine the strength and durability of your board. It will also affect the cost. Different PCB manufacturers have different specifications for their PCBs. It is important to identify your needs before purchasing a PCB, so that the manufacturer can suggest the right PCB options for your project.

Less expensive PCBs

If you’re on a tight budget, you might want to choose a less expensive PCB board for your project. There are many different ways to do this. By taking advantage of special offers and value pricing, you can get the PCBs you need without breaking the bank. In addition, you can get them in a variety of lead times ranging from a day to three weeks.

PCBs come in a wide variety of sizes and shapes. Some are flat and have large holes for soldering components, while others have only tiny pads. These solder pads are where the electronics are connected to the board. There are two types of solder pads: through-hole and surface mount. Through-hole components have wires that pass through them, while surface mount components have pins and connect to the board with melted solder.

If you’re looking for a cheaper PCB board for your project, you may want to look into via-in-pads or buried vias. These are very small holes that are typically less than 0.15 mm. These vias, however, require additional processing such as laser drilling, which adds to the board’s cost.

Vícevrstvé desky plošných spojů

When you design a multilayer printed circuit board, you must make sure that you take certain precautions to ensure signal integrity and power integrity. This involves controlling the thickness of the copper traces that are used to connect the layers together, which affects the quality of the current. Also, you should take care to avoid creating asymmetric designs or ones with different thicknesses, since this will result in twisting and bowing. Stacking is a central focus of multilayer PCB design, and should be guided by the requirements of your manufacturing and deployment.

Multilayer PCB fabrication involves combining layers of conductive material under high temperatures and pressure. The layers are adhered together with resin or exotic ceramics, such as epoxy glass and Teflon. The core layer and prepreg layers are then bonded together at high temperatures and high pressure, and then the whole board is cooled to create a solid board.

Double-sided PCBs

When designing electronic circuits, you will find that double-sided PCBs are advantageous for both sourcing and sinking current. Double-sided PCBs are made with a top and a bottom layer, with the bottom layer being ground copper pour. These circuit boards are easier to design, and are also more flexible.

To cut the PCBs, use a mechanical drill with a diameter of at least 0.30mm standard or 0.20mm advanced. The next step is to choose the surface finish. There are a number of choices available, including immersion gold (ENIG), immersion silver (IAg), and immersion tin (ISn). Each offers different degrees of protection, and ENIG is the most expensive. Immersion tin is the most inexpensive finish.

Double-sided PCBs are more difficult to assemble than single-sided PCBs. However, they are also more durable and have higher density. This is because a copper layer is laminated on both sides of the PCB, as opposed to one on each side of the board. This layer is then covered with a solder mask.

Heat-related problems

When selecting the right PCB board for your project, it is important to consider heat-related issues. If you use high-power components, you should place them near the center of the board. Components placed near the edges will accumulate heat and scatter it in all directions. The center of the board has a lower surface temperature and will dissipate heat more easily. In addition, make sure that your components are placed evenly across the board.

There are many factors that can affect PCB heat resistance, including the type of material used. The best PCBs are made from materials that exhibit good thermal properties and are reliable against high temperatures. However, some materials do not stand up to high temperatures well. The temperature resistance of a material can be determined by its glass-transition temperature. FR-4, for example, has a glass-transition temperature of 135 degrees Celsius.

Choosing the right component spacing on your PCB board can be challenging. Components that are too close together can cause skin effect and crosstalk. These issues can add a lot of heat to your project. This is particularly a problem with high-speed circuitry. To mitigate these problems, you can add heat-pipes to your PCB. Heat-pipes can help disperse heat and prevent damage to the components.

How to Make Your Own Circuit Board

There are several ways to design a circuit board for your project. You can use a computer program such as EasyEDA or Altium Designer. Another option is to use solderless breadboards. However, these are more complex. If you’re not comfortable with these methods, you can ask an electronics technician or a friend for help.

EasyEDA

EasyEDA is a software program for creating circuit boards. The program is easy to use and comes with a variety of useful features. Its drawing tools include a text editor, primitive graphic forms, and a drag-and-drop tool. It also has a reference point and a document size editor. You can also use the mouse to move, zoom, and align elements.

EasyEDA features a library of more than 200,000 components in stock. You can also search for a specific element in the library. To make your schematic more precise, you can use the LCSC database. You can also refer to stock information, prices, and order statuses in EasyEDA.

The software supports many platforms, including Windows, Mac, and Linux. It also offers an Online Editor. It also saves your design in the cloud, which makes it easy to share with others. Ordering a finished design from EasyEDA is also simple, and the company’s staff and state-of-the-art equipment allow you to order your project in a matter of minutes.

EasyEDA is a free PCB design software package that enables you to design and simulate circuits. The program has real-time team collaboration features, and supports any browser. It also features an integrated PCB fabrication service.

Altium Designer

Altium Designer is a PCB design software that automates the design process. It is developed by Altium Limited, an Australian software company. It helps engineers create circuit boards for a wide variety of applications. Its main features include: – A comprehensive library of predefined circuit blocks – Multiple layout options, and the ability to create multiple layouts at the same time.

Altium Designer includes a rules-driven design engine that translates schematics and layouts into a PCB design. This feature allows designers to stay productive throughout the entire process. For example, Altium Designer checks the schematic and layout to ensure that they match the design rules. As long as the design rules match, the software will avoid mistakes and allow designers to complete projects in a shorter amount of time.

Altium Designer’s easy-to-use schematic editor allows users to easily create complex multi-sheet designs. It supports hierarchical design blocks and is compatible with SmartPDF outputs. It also includes an in-built topological autorouter called Situs, which is a powerful topological routing engine that works with design rules to automatically create circuit boards. Other features include interactive routing and BGA fanout.

Altium Designer’s intuitive and interactive interface makes it an ideal choice for complex and advanced circuit boards. Its advanced 3D features enable you to make multi-layer circuit boards. This software also includes Altium’s active supply chain management, which provides live details of parts.

Solderless breadboards

Solderless breadboard products are convenient tools for experimenting with electronic circuits. Instead of traditional soldered connections, these boards feature U-shaped metallic contacts that are positioned between two sheets of electrically insulating material. The contacts are held in place by spring tension. This type of interconnection is ideal for experiments, but it is not appropriate for high-speed circuits. These boards are also less reliable. They cannot handle complex circuits.

The main problem with solderless breadboards is that they cannot accommodate components that use surface-mount technology. Additionally, they cannot support components that have more than one row of connectors. To work around these issues, breakout adapters are used. These small PCBs carry one or more components and feature 0.1-inch-spaced male connector pins.

Solderless breadboards are used to assemble circuits and to test their functionality. They are often used by hobbyists and engineers. Because of the ease with which they allow users to remove and replace components, solderless breadboards are a great choice for electronics prototyping.

Solderless breadboards are available in a variety of colors. The most common are white and off-white in color. However, if you’re looking for an eye-catching, colorful board, you can opt for bright, translucent ABS plastic.

How to Handle PCB Boards Properly

Naučit se správně zacházet s deskami plošných spojů je důležité z několika důvodů. Patří mezi ně bezpečnostní opatření, materiály a kontrola. Správné provádění těchto úkolů zajistí bezpečnost vašich výrobků a zajistí, že vaše obvody budou fungovat tak, jak byly navrženy. Zde je několik tipů, které je třeba mít při manipulaci s deskami plošných spojů na paměti.

Safety precautions

Safety precautions when handling PCB boards are essential to prevent damage to both components and the entire board. Using improper handling techniques can cause the board to break and become unusable. To prevent this problem, it is essential to protect the PCB from moisture. One way to do this is by baking the board.

ESD damage is a major concern when handling PCBs. Even a small amount of electrostatic discharge can damage components, and even the smallest of shocks can cause serious damage to internal circuitry. The best way to avoid damaging the PCB is to handle it with two hands. This will minimize the chance of damaging the board or causing it to bend.

PCBA development is an iterative process that requires proper handling to achieve optimal results. Handling a PCBA in an incorrect way can damage copper traces and prevent the optimal design from being achieved. Copper traces should also be protected against oxidation and damage by applying an appropriate surface finish.

Problems

Common problems with PCB boards include solder bridges. Solder bridges are areas where two traces are too close together and create a poor connection between the copper and component. To correct this problem, the PCB manufacturer should review the manufacturing process and control the amount of solder used during soldering. Solder can become contaminated during fabrication and may need to be replaced. The trace circuit may also be non-conductive due to aging, overheating, or voltage sags. Another problem can be a component that is dislodged from its board and needs to be reseated.

Many of these problems can be avoided by addressing the root causes of board failure. Most often, the root cause is human error. Poor soldering jobs, board misalignment, and other manufacturing flaws can lead to a faulty PCB. Human error accounts for approximately 64% of all PCB defects. Other common problems include poorly manufactured components with poor performance.

Materiály

PCBs are made of many different materials. Among them are copper and aluminum. Copper is the most common. Copper clad PCBs are also common. Each material has its own thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties. Some materials are more suitable for specific PCB tasks than others.

The materials used for PCBs are determined by the PCB’s application and glass transition temperature (Tg). Tg is a measure of a material’s ability to resist moisture and chemicals. A higher Tg indicates a more durable PCB. Make sure the Tg matches your assembly process to ensure proper performance.

PTFE, also known as Teflon, is lightweight and strong. It also has good thermal and electrical properties and exhibits good flexibility. Moreover, PTFE is flame-resistant. FR-4, on the other hand, is a glass-reinforced epoxy laminate sheet made of woven fiberglass cloth and flame-resistant epoxy resin binder. Several benefits make it a popular choice for PCB manufacture.

Inspekce

Inspection of PCB boards is an important process for manufacturing electronic products. It helps determine whether the boards are defective, and helps predict the failure modes. Inspection of PCB boards also provides accurate data for yield determinations. The IPC has standards for the inspection of bare and assembled boards. Different types of circuit boards require different types of testing. For example, Class 3 printed circuit boards require the highest inspection frequency.

Most PCB manufacturers use the AOI (automated optical inspection) method for PCB inspection. This type of inspection uses a camera to examine the board and compare it to reference boards and ideal design specifications. The system can identify faults early on and minimize production costs.

Repair

The process to repair a PCB board can involve many different steps. One of the first steps is to determine the cause of the failure. The most common cause is physical damage, caused by shock or pressure. For instance, the device may have been dropped from a great height, or may have been hit by another object. Another cause could be disassembly, which may have damaged the board directly.

If the damage is a through-hole, you need to restore it before soldering a new component. To do this, first use a sharp knife to remove any debris from the through-hole. Next, use rubbing alcohol to clean it. Afterward, use a paper clip to expand the through-hole to fit the component lead. Then, insert the new component into the hole and solder it to the board.

Jak vybrat velký nebo malý kondenzátor

Pokud jde o napájení elektronických zařízení, měli byste mít při výběru kondenzátoru na paměti několik věcí. Je třeba vzít v úvahu několik faktorů, včetně kapacitance a impedance. V tomto článku se budeme zabývat impedancí velkého kondenzátoru ve srovnání s malým kondenzátorem. Jakmile těmto faktorům porozumíte, můžete učinit nejlepší rozhodnutí pro svůj elektrický projekt. A nezapomeňte mít na paměti také svůj rozpočet.

Impedance

Při výběru kondenzátoru je třeba vzít v úvahu řadu faktorů. Prvním krokem je výběr kondenzátoru, který odpovídá vašim specifickým potřebám. Pokud chcete kondenzátor použít pro záznam zvuku, měli byste se ujistit, že jste zvážili jeho impedanci. Kromě toho byste měli zvážit požadavky na aplikaci a specifikace kondenzátoru.

Kondenzátory lze rozdělit podle jejich ESR. Obvykle je ESR u elektrolytických kondenzátorů 0,1 až 5 ohmů. ESR průchozích kondenzátorů je nižší, což znamená, že je lze montovat s nižší indukčností smyčky. Tyto menší kondenzátory mají také nižší impedanci při vysokých frekvencích.

Kapacita

Výběr správného kondenzátoru pro vaši aplikaci závisí na konkrétních potřebách a rozpočtu vašeho projektu. Cena kondenzátorů se pohybuje od centů až po stovky dolarů. Počet potřebných kondenzátorů bude záviset na frekvenci a okamžitém proudu vašeho obvodu. Velký kondenzátor bude pracovat při nízké frekvenci, zatímco malý bude pracovat při vyšší frekvenci.

Dalším typem kondenzátoru jsou keramické kondenzátory. Tyto kondenzátory jsou obvykle nepolarizované a mají třímístný kód pro identifikaci hodnoty kapacity. První dvě číslice označují hodnotu kondenzátoru, zatímco třetí číslice udává počet nul, které se ke kapacitě přičítají. V kondenzátoru je dielektrická fólie tvořena tenkou vrstvou oxidu, která vzniká elektrochemickou výrobou. To umožňuje vyrábět kondenzátory s velmi velkou kapacitou na malém prostoru.

Teplotní koeficient

Teplotní koeficient je číslo, které udává, jak moc se změní kapacita kondenzátoru při dané teplotě. Teplotní koeficient se vyjadřuje v částicích na milion. Kondenzátory se zápornými koeficienty budou při vyšších teplotách ztrácet kapacitu než kondenzátory s kladnými koeficienty. Teplotní koeficient kondenzátoru se označuje kladným nebo záporným písmenem a číslem a může být také označen barevnými pruhy.

Kondenzátory s vysokými teplotními koeficienty poskytují vyšší výstupní výkon. Z tohoto pravidla však existují výjimky. Při výběru kondenzátoru pro konkrétní aplikaci je důležité zvážit jeho teplotní koeficient. Obvykle je hodnota kondenzátoru vytištěna na jeho těle s referenční teplotou 250C. To znamená, že každá aplikace, která jde pod tuto teplotu, bude potřebovat kondenzátor s vyšším teplotním koeficientem.

Impedance velkého kondenzátoru vs. malého kondenzátoru

Impedance velkého kondenzátoru je mnohem nižší než impedance malého kondenzátoru. Rozdíl mezi těmito dvěma typy kondenzátorů vyplývá z rozdílu v rychlosti ukládání náboje a v době, kterou potřebuje k úplnému nabití a vybití. Velký kondenzátor se nabíjí mnohem déle než malý kondenzátor a nenabíjí se tak rychle. Teprve když je kondenzátor nabitý nebo vybitý, protéká jím proud. Když je plně nabitý nebo vybitý, bude se chovat jako otevřený obvod.

Abychom mohli určit impedanci kondenzátoru, musíme pochopit, jak se chová v různých frekvenčních pásmech. Protože kondenzátory tvoří sériové rezonanční obvody, má jejich impedance frekvenční charakteristiku ve tvaru písmene V. Impedance kondenzátoru při jeho rezonanční frekvenci klesá, ale s rostoucí frekvencí roste.

Velikost kondenzátoru

Velikost kondenzátoru je určena poměrem jeho náboje a napětí. Obvykle se měří ve faradech. Mikrofarad je miliontina faradu. Kapacita se také měří v mikrofaradech. Kondenzátor o velikosti jednoho mikrofaradu má stejné množství náboje jako kondenzátor o kapacitě 1 000 uF.

Kapacita je měřítkem množství elektrické energie, kterou může součástka uchovávat. Čím vyšší je její kapacita, tím vyšší je její hodnota. Obecně jsou kondenzátory dimenzovány na určité napětí. Tyto specifikace jsou často vyznačeny na samotném kondenzátoru. Pokud je kondenzátor poškozen nebo selže, je důležité jej vyměnit za jiný, který má stejné pracovní napětí. Pokud to není možné, lze použít kondenzátor s vyšším napětím. Tento typ kondenzátoru je však obvykle větší.

Kondenzátory mohou být vyrobeny z různých materiálů. Vzduch je dobrý izolant. Pevné materiály však mohou být méně vodivé než vzduch. Například slída má dielektrickou konstantu mezi šesti a osmi. Slídu lze také použít ke zvýšení kapacity kondenzátoru.