4 trin til at fremstille et perfekt printkort i aluminium

/0 Kommentarer/i /af

4 trin til at fremstille et perfekt printkort i aluminium

For at fremstille et perfekt PCB i aluminium er der flere trin, du skal tage. Det første trin er at bestemme PCB'ets stackup og lagantal. Derefter skal du vælge de materialer, der skal bruges i forskellige dele af printkortet. Derefter skal du beslutte, om du vil placere aluminium i et kernelag eller være bundet til de omgivende dielektriske lag med en separatormembran. En anden mulighed er at have en bagsidemonteret plade eller endda udskæringer.

Processer, der bruges til at fremstille en perfekt aluminiums-pcb

Aluminium PCB er et almindeligt materiale, der bruges i mange applikationer. De største brugere omfatter elselskaber, LED-konvertere og radiofrekvensvirksomheder. De fleste aluminium PCB er lavet som et enkelt lag. Det skyldes, at et enkelt lag aluminium udgør en væsentlig del af den termiske struktur på printkortet. I fremstillingsprocessen bores der huller i aluminiumsbundlaget, som fyldes op med et dielektrisk materiale.

Egenskaberne ved aluminium PCB gør det til et fremragende materiale til elektronisk udstyr. Det har høj ledningsevne og en lav udvidelseskoefficient. Disse egenskaber gør det ideelt til applikationer med høj effekt. Aluminium PCB er også velegnet til brug i kredsløb med høj temperatur.

For at fremstille et printkort af aluminium skal printkortets design forberedes. Når designet er færdigt, starter fremstillingsvirksomheden fremstillingsprocessen. Aluminiumskernen dækkes derefter med et separatorlag, og PCB-laminaterne limes derefter på aluminiumsbærerpladen. Under dette trin bores der gennemgående huller for at skabe et stort nok rum til komponenterne. Disse gennemgående huller belægges derefter med loddemetal og afsluttes med en loddemaske.

Anvendte materialer

Aluminium er et metal med fremragende varmebestandighed og bruges til at fremstille printplader. Dets varmeledningsevne måler, hvor meget varme der kan overføres gennem en arealenhed pr. kilowatt-time (kW/m.h.). Jo højere materialets varmeledningsevne er, jo bedre er det til varmeisolering og varmeafledning. PCB'er med aluminiumsbagside er ideelle til applikationer, hvor der kræves høj varmeafledning.

Producenter af printkort i aluminium bruger en række forskellige metoder til at skabe denne type printkort. De kan bore pladen og inkludere flere små huller. Disse huller bruges til at montere kredsløbskomponenter, såsom kontakter og mikrochips. De skal forbindes til printkortet for at fungere korrekt. Aluminiumspladen er også belagt med isolerende materialer, som gør den ikke-ledende.

PCB af aluminium er den mest almindelige type. De har en aluminiumskerne omgivet af kobberfolie. Dette materiale er fremragende til varmeafledning og fungerer godt til applikationer, der kræver mere strøm. PCB i aluminium blev først udviklet i 1970'erne og bruges i dag i strømsystemer, LED-belysning og bilsystemer. Ud over at være varmebestandige er PCB'er i aluminium også genanvendelige.

Udskrivning af loddemasker

Flere faktorer afgør, hvilken type loddemaske der skal bruges, herunder printkortets størrelse og layout, typen af komponenter og ledere og den påtænkte endelige anvendelse. Derudover vil regulerede industrier have specifikke krav. I dag er flydende fotobilledbare loddemasker den mest almindelige type, og de er meget pålidelige. De er også kendt for at minimere PCB-blænding.

Når man bruger loddemasker, skal relieffet mellem loddepastaen og printpladen være præcist placeret, for at loddet kan hæfte ordentligt. Hvis loddemasken ikke dækker hele printpladens overflade, kan det resultere i en kortslutning. Derudover kan loddemasker indeholde testpunkter og vias.

Loddemasker bruges til at identificere åbninger på printkortet, og derefter kan komponentstifterne loddes på dem. I nogle tilfælde printes loddemaskerne på printpladen ved hjælp af epoxy- eller filmmetoder. Loddepastaen påføres printkortet ved hjælp af disse åbninger for at skabe en sikker elektrisk forbindelse mellem komponenterne. Topsidemasken bruges til oversiden af printkortet, mens bundsidemasken bruges til undersiden af printkortet.

Højtryks-test

Når man fremstiller et printkort i aluminium, er det vigtigt at sikre, at det isolerende lag er fri for revner og skrammer. Derudover skal kontrolpositionen og tolerancen for omridset matche kravene i designet. Det er også vigtigt at eliminere metalkrummer, som kan påvirke printkortets elektriske kapacitet. For at opfylde disse krav skal der udføres en højtrykstest. Printpladerne udsættes for et tryk på ****KV DC, og krybestrømmen indstilles til **mA/PCS. Under testen skal testerne bære isolerede handsker og sko for at beskytte sig mod højtryksmiljøerne. OSP-filmen skal også være inden for det specificerede område.

At udføre en automatiseret test er kritisk for fremstillingsprocessen. Denne metode er mere præcis og hurtigere end manuel inspektion, og den kan identificere tendenser, der kan føre til procesforbedringer. De PCB'er, der består denne test, går videre til de sidste faser af PCB-fremstillingen.

Hvad er en Circuit Card Assembly?

/0 Kommentarer/i /af

Hvad er en Circuit Card Assembly?

A circuit card is a printed circuit board that contains electronic components. The process of assembling one involves several steps. The first step is to design the circuit. This involves using specialized software and schematic capture tools. Once the schematic is ready, the next step is to print the PCB. The copper is then etched and laminated to two sides of a non-conductive material, which is used as the PCB substrate.

Montering af printkort

Printed circuit board assembly is a complex process that involves the connection of electronic components to the printed circuit boards. Printed circuit boards contain conductive pathways that connect the electronic components to one another. These boards are then mounted onto a non-conductive substrate. When the final assembly is complete, the electronic components are soldered or inserted into the board.

Printed circuit boards can be single-sided, double-sided, or multi-layer. Single-sided boards consist of one copper layer, while double-sided boards have two layers. Multi-layer PCBs allow for more component density and circuit traces on the inner layers. Multilayer PCBs are increasingly popular in electronic components and devices. However, multi-layer PCBs can be difficult to repair or modify in the field.

The PCB assembly process starts with a design. The layout of components on the PCB is determined by the number and location of copper layers. PCBs with many layers are more complex and time-consuming to produce. Choosing the number of layers and interconnection design depends on the circuitry to be designed, as more layers will give the designer more routing options and better control over signal integrity, but will cost more to produce. Assemblers also place components on the panel during the assembly process.

Process of assembling a circuit card

Assembling a circuit card is a process that involves connecting electronic components to a printed circuit board (PCB). Circuit card assembly involves fabricating the circuits, placing the electronic components and soldering them into place. It also involves cleaning the circuit card and inspecting it for quality before final assembly.

A circuit card can be either a single or double-sided product. It may have silkscreens identifying the components or test points. It can be used to connect electronic products, or it can be used to control the functions of a computer. Assembling a circuit board requires some soldering skills and specialized equipment. You will also need a soldering iron with a fine tip. Using a fine tip will make it easier to solder small components and control the production rate. It is also important to calibrate the soldering iron and preheat the PCB and the components to ensure a good connection.

A circuit card has several layers of electronic components that are held together by a PCBA substrate. These PCBA substrates can be made of copper or other conductive materials. A layer of copper is also laminated onto the circuit board, and sometimes multiple layers are used. The copper is then covered with a solder mask, which protects the components from shorts and corrosion. In the early days, circuits were powered by batteries or direct current. Later, Nikola Tesla invented alternating current, which allows the voltage of the current to vary.

Materials used for assembling a circuit card

Various materials are used in the assembling process of a circuit card. The most common one is FR-4, which is a dielectric material. Copper-clad laminate is another material that is widely used today. Copper-clad laminate is a type of board stock that contains unetched copper.

The materials used in assembling a circuit card are chosen based on their electrical and thermal properties. They may also be chosen to satisfy governmental requirements. For example, the European Union’s Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directive restricts the use of certain metals and chemicals. Another method of assessing the performance of a material is the UL (Underwriters Laboratories) rating. This rating is essential for many electronic devices.

The materials used for assembling a circuit card include a substrate for support and a conductive layer for connection. The substrate can be flexible, ridged, or even a metal core board. The copper is then laminated to the substrate. There are several layers of copper, depending on the type of PCBA. Lastly, a solder mask is applied to the surface of the circuit card to prevent corrosion and reduce the risk of solder shorts.

Cost of assembling a circuit card

A circuit card is a flat, thin piece of dielectric material with conductive paths connecting electronic components to sockets on a printed circuit board. The process of assembling circuit cards is called Circuit Card Assembly (CCA), and it involves etching patterns on the dielectric substrate and adding electronic components.

The cost of assembling a circuit card depends on a few factors. One important factor is labor. An assembly company in North America will charge an average of $1,100 per circuit board with a three-day turnaround, while the same quantity in China will cost just $545. Additionally, labor costs will vary by geographical location. For example, in North America, a circuit board will cost about $1,100, whereas the same card assembly in China will cost $550.

The PCB assembly process is highly customized and therefore increases the cost of the printed circuit board. However, there is a middle ground that allows for customization without exceeding the budget. The cost of PCB assembly can also be minimized by using contract manufacturing partners who offer cost-effective services. PCB assembly also involves several human processes as well as automated machinery.

Top 8 materialer til mikrobølge-PCB'er

/0 Kommentarer/i /af

Top 8 materialer til mikrobølge-PCB'er

Hvis du er på udkig efter et mikrobølge-PCB, er det vigtigt at se på de materialer, der bruges i disse kredsløb. Der findes en række forskellige materialer, og de bedste materialer til et mikrobølge-PCB bestemmes af visse faktorer. For eksempel skal et materiales Er-værdi være mindre end 2,5, og det skal have en lav Df-værdi, hvilket indikerer, at det er en god kandidat til mikrobølgeapplikationer. Højfrekvente materialer bør også have en lav variation i Df.

Kulbrintebaserede materialer

Kulbrintebaserede PCB-materialer kan være et godt valg til mikrobølgefrekvensapplikationer. Typisk er disse materialer kompatible med standard FR4 PCB-fremstillingsprocesser. I mange tilfælde er disse PCB-materialer at foretrække frem for PTFE eller glas. Valget af materiale til dit mikrobølgefrekvente kredsløb bør dog baseres på applikationens krav.

Glasfiber

Denne type materiale har en række fordele i forhold til de traditionelle kobberbaserede substrater. Det er flammehæmmende og har gode termiske og mekaniske egenskaber. Glasfiberforstærkede printkort er blandt producenternes bedste valg af mange grunde.

Aluminium

Mikrobølgekort er generelt lavet af et tyndt lag aluminium, der er lamineret til et termisk substrat. Termiske bindingsmaterialer kan bruges til at binde de to lag sammen, og termiske materialer kan lamineres på den ene side eller begge sider af aluminium. Derefter gennembores og pletteres den laminerede enhed. Gennemgående huller i aluminiumssubstratet opretholder den elektriske isolering.

Kobber

Kobber er et af de mest populære materialer til mikrobølge-PCB'er, men der er også fordele ved andre materialer til denne type design. Til at begynde med har det en meget lav dielektrisk styrke. Denne egenskab begrænser mikrobølge-PCB'ers ydeevne i visse applikationer. For det andet har kobber et højt smeltepunkt, hvilket gør det til et af de dyreste materialer til mikrobølge-PCB'er.

FR-4 glas/epoxy

FR-4 glas/epoxy til printkort er et højfrekvent materiale, der bruges til printkort. Dette materiale har gode elektriske og mekaniske specifikationer og er relativt stabilt over tid. Det har dog flere ulemper, bl.a. en tendens til hurtigt at sløve bor og skæresakse. Desuden er det slibende, og glassplinter kan være smertefulde.

FR-5 glas/epoxy

Mikrobølge-PCB'er kræver andre metalliseringsprocesser end traditionelle PCB'er. Generelt foretrækkes FR-4 glas/epoxy-materiale. Det er et billigt og flammehæmmende materiale, der har været industristandard i årtier.

FR-2 glas/epoxy

Når man vælger materiale til et mikrobølgeprintkort, er det vigtigt at forstå de forskellige egenskaber, som materialet kan tilbyde. Glas/epoxy er et fleksibelt kredsløbsmateriale med lave dielektriske tab ved mikrobølgefrekvenser. FR-4 er et glasfiberforstærket laminat, der er bundet med flammehæmmende epoxyharpiks. National Electrical Manufacturers Association har udpeget dette materiale som UL94VO-kompatibelt, og det er et godt valg til mikrobølge-PCB'er.

FR-3 glas/epoxy

FR-3 glas/epoxy til fremstilling af mikrobølge-PCB'er er et højtydende materiale, der er fremstillet af vævet glasforstærket materiale og et epoxyharpiksbindemiddel. Dette materiale har enestående mekaniske egenskaber, herunder modstandsdygtighed over for høje temperaturer. Det er også kendt for sin lave fugtabsorption, kemiske resistens og enorme styrke. Til sammenligning er FR-1 og FR-2 papirbaserede materialer med lavere glasovergangstemperaturer.

PCB Circuit Materials Selection and Its Influence in Different Frequency Bands of 5G

/0 Kommentarer/i /af

PCB Circuit Materials Selection and Its Influence in Different Frequency Bands of 5G

The 5G switchover will be an important decision for many industries, but the switchover will depend on their applications and operations. Some industries need to adopt the new technology quickly to remain competitive, while others may want to take their time. Regardless of which industry you are in, you should consider the potential costs associated with using new high-speed materials. Stack-up time for PCBs may increase significantly with high-speed materials, so it is worth taking your time to make the right decision.

Dielektrisk konstant

When it comes to PCB material selection, the dielectric constant is an important consideration. It determines how quickly the material will expand and contract when exposed to a change in temperature. The thermal conductivity rate of PCB materials is typically measured in watts per meter per Kelvin. Different dielectric materials will have different thermal conductivity rates. Copper, for example, has a thermal conductivity of 386 W/M-oC.

When selecting PCB materials, remember that the effective dielectric constant of the substrate affects the speed of electromagnetic waves. The dielectric constant of the PCB substrate material and trace geometry will determine how quickly a signal can travel across the circuit.

The dielectric constant is a key consideration when selecting PCB materials for 5G networking. High permittivity will absorb electromagnetic signals and degrade the sensitivity of communications. Therefore, it’s crucial to choose PCB materials that have low permittivity.

Trace thickness

The frequency range of the 5G technology is larger than the previous wireless communication techniques. This means that shorter structures are susceptible to being excited by the signals. Typically, the wavelength of a single PCB trace is one centimeter. With this frequency range, a single trace can be a great reception antenna. However, as the frequency range broadens, the susceptibility of a PCB trace increases. Thus, it is essential to determine the best shielding approach.

The frequency bands of the 5G standard are divided into two parts – the low band and the high band. The first band is the millimeter-wave region, while the second band is below the 6GHz threshold. The band centered around 30 GHz and 77 GHz will be used for the mobile network.

The second band is low band, which is commonly used in the energy sector to communicate with remote wind farms, mining operations, and oil fields. It is also used to connect smart sensors in agriculture. Mid-band 5G, which transmits around 1.7GHz to 2.5GHz, provides a good balance between speed and coverage. It is designed to cover large areas and offer relatively high speeds, which are still faster than what you can get with home internet.

Omkostninger

When it comes to manufacturing electronic products, the choice of materials for PCBs is critical. There are many challenges when manufacturing at high frequency bands, such as 5G. Fortunately, PCBA123 has created families of materials that meet the requirements for this new frequency range.

The higher carrier frequencies used in 5G networks will enable higher data rates and lower latency. This will allow for greater connectivity for a much larger number of devices. This means that 5G may well be the standard for the Internet of Things. However, as the frequency band increases, so too does the complexity of the devices.

Fortunately, there are some ways to reduce the cost of PCBs. For example, one option is to use low-loss liquid crystal polymers, which have a lower Tg. While this option can lower costs, it can introduce new permittivity concerns. Alternatively, manufacturers can use flexible ceramics and polyimides, which are better suited for low-temperature applications.

Thermal expansion

High-frequency PCB circuits require materials with different thermal expansion characteristics. While FR-4 is the most common material used in high-frequency circuits, there are also many other materials that can be used to minimize loss. Among these materials are pure polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), ceramic-filled PTFE, hydrocarbon ceramic, and high-temperature thermoplastic. These materials vary in Dk values, and the loss factor is based on surface contaminants, laminate hygroscopicity, and manufacturing temperature.

PCB circuit materials used in 5G technologies have to be resistant to higher temperature variations. Increasing thermal resistance will allow circuit boards to be processed using existing circuit board processing facilities. In addition, 5G technologies will require higher-quality PCB materials. For example, Isola MT40 is a material with a low coefficient of thermal expansion in the thickness direction, with a Dk/Df of 0.03, indicating that it is appropriate for high-frequency applications.

To ensure signal integrity, 5G systems will require high-speed and high-frequency components. With effective thermal management, these components can be designed to perform at the highest speed possible. Thermal conductivity, or TCR, is a property that measures the dielectric constant of a substrate in relation to temperature. When a circuit is under high-frequency operation, it generates heat and loses dielectric performance.

3 koncepter til at komme i gang med PCB-design i høj hastighed

/0 Kommentarer/i /af

3 koncepter til at komme i gang med PCB-design i høj hastighed

Før du går i gang med high speed PCB-design, er der et par grundlæggende begreber, du skal forstå. Disse omfatter impedansberegninger, skemaer og værktøjet Footprint assignment. Du bør også overveje, hvor vigtigt det er at bevare længden på sporene.

Skemaer

Skemaer spiller en vigtig rolle i PCB-design. De hjælper med at kommunikere designproblemer og sikrer, at det endelige PCB opfylder alle de nødvendige specifikationer. Derudover giver de en passende ramme for højhastighedsdesign. Hvis du er i tvivl om, hvordan du bedst organiserer højhastighedskredsløb, kan du overveje at læse om nogle af de vigtigste begreber vedrørende skemaer.

Når man designer kredsløb til højhastighedskort, er det vigtigt at gruppere komponenter og kredsløbsflow i logiske grupper. Det vil hjælpe dig med at layoute kredsløbene på printkortet. Du kan også gruppere visse følsomme komponenter sammen. Hvis designet derimod er til et lavhastighedsprodukt, er kredsløbsflow måske ikke så vigtigt. I stedet er du måske mere optaget af at få mest muligt ud af pladsen på det skematiske ark.

Når du designer højhastigheds-PCB'er, skal du nøje overveje routing-processen. Der anvendes forskellige teknikker til denne proces, så sørg for at samarbejde med eksperter på området. For eksempel bør du placere en central processor nær midten af printkortet, hvor den har forbindelse til resten af komponenterne på printkortet. Derefter kan du placere periferienhederne omkring den.

Beregning af impedans

Impedansberegninger til højhastigheds PCB-design er nødvendige for højhastigheds PCB-design. Beregningen involverer den dielektriske konstant og sporets bredde. Disse værdier bruges derefter i designprocessen til at bestemme den endelige impedans. Et PCB-design kan forenkles ved at bruge en stack-up-editor, som har en indbygget impedansberegner.

Ud over impedansberegninger er værktøjer til signalintegritet og impedansstyret routing også afgørende for PCB-design med høj hastighed. Uden ordentlig impedanskontrol kan et kredsløb ikke designes effektivt. Det kan resultere i dårlig signalintegritet. Det kan være tidskrævende at administrere alle parametre på et printkort.

I højhastigheds PCB-design er det vigtigt at sikre, at impedanserne for signalerne på kortet ligger inden for en størrelsesorden. Impedansen på en CPCI-signallinje skal for eksempel være 65 ohm, mens impedansen på det differentielle signal skal være 100 ohm. Impedansen for andre signaler på kortet skal være mindst 50 ohm. Derudover skal PCB-routingpladsen være mindst ti lag. Det skyldes, at hvert signallag har et tilstødende billedplan og et komplet jordlag. For at opnå dette skal et PCB-design afbalancere sporene for at maksimere tætheden.

Værktøj til tildeling af fodaftryk

For at et high-speed PCB-designprojekt skal blive en succes, er det vigtigt at forstå, hvordan signaler manipuleres på kortet. Signalerne skal ankomme i den rigtige timing, og eventuelle fejl kan ødelægge data. Desuden kan forkert arrangerede spor få andre signaler til at interferere. Derfor kræver højhastigheds PCB-design omhyggelig evaluering fra sag til sag.

 

Hvad er en PCB-designer?

/0 Kommentarer/i /af

Hvad er en PCB-designer?

In this article, we will discuss what is a PCB designer, where they are located, what computer software they use, and what career opportunities are available. PCB designers are responsible for the design of printed circuit boards. They also use design rule checks to ensure that placement and routing are correct. This can help reduce the number of manufacturing re-spins.

Printed circuit board designer

When creating a printed circuit board, an engineer must be creative and provide innovative solutions. They must work with a schematic, part lists, and basic description of the board’s function to develop a design that meets the client’s needs. In addition, a printed circuit board engineer must establish design standards, use CAD/CAM software, and verify completed design elements. Other important tasks include checking dimensions, quantities, and materials.

A printed circuit board designer is someone who designs and places printed circuit boards. They use computer-aided drafting (CAD) programs to create a computerized design that allows them to accurately place parts. They must also be creative and determine how the parts should be arranged to meet the specifications of the client. Depending on the product, a designer might work independently or for a company. They may be expected to use CAD software to create custom designs or optimize a preexisting design.

The CAD software used for designing a PCB requires the PCB designer to prepare a library of parts. These library parts include resistors, capacitors, connectors, and integrated circuits. These parts must be placed in the right place to achieve the most efficient functionality.

Place and route of pcb designer

PCB designers must possess a strong understanding of electronics and CAD software. They should also have sufficient experience with RF and analog layouts. Moreover, they should be knowledgeable about the common design rules related to PCBs. In addition, they should be well versed in working with engineering drawings and libraries. They must also be familiar with the concept of BOM and Configuration Management.

Computer software used by pcb designer

The PCB designer uses a variety of tools and software to create circuit boards. PCB design software can automate processes and improve quality. It also allows designers and stakeholders to see changes and ensure that all project specifications are met. In addition to creating circuit boards, PCB design software also helps engineers collaborate on projects.

PCB design software can range in cost and features. Choose a program that is suitable for your needs. Some software is free, while others require a small investment. You should also consider the operating system you’re using. Some PCB design software is compatible with MacOS and Linux, but others require a Windows OS.

Some PCB designer software has advanced features that make it easy to create complex circuit boards. Some of these tools also export designs in multiple formats. Make sure that the PCB design software offers extensive support and has a large library of standard parts. This will help you avoid having to reinvent the wheel each time you want to make a new part.

Career opportunities for pcb designer

There are a variety of PCB design jobs available. These designers work with a variety of people, including engineers and other designers, to create the perfect board. They must be excellent communicators to ensure that the final design meets all specifications. They also communicate with clients and manufacturers to explain how their designs will benefit the final product. A good PCB designer should have excellent verbal and written communication skills.

Education is also a vital part of a PCB designer’s career. In addition to a bachelor’s degree, a PCB designer can pursue additional certifications and learning courses to increase their knowledge of PCB design. These courses can provide specialized training in PCB tools and technology trends. Some of these programs are offered online by a variety of institutions.

A PCB designer must have extensive knowledge of electronics and CAD software. They should also have a working knowledge of RF and analog layouts. It is also important that a designer knows how to create the PCB’s design on software, and be able to view the physical version of the PCB in a digital format to check for errors. This type of expertise is important, because it will allow the designer to save time and money on the creation of circuit boards.

Sådan finder du et PCB-nummer

/0 Kommentarer/i /af

Sådan finder du et PCB-nummer

I denne artikel vil vi se på, hvordan man finder et PCB-nummer, som er nyttigt til at spore en mistet mobiltelefon. Selvom PCB-koden er en nyttig oplysning, skal du være forsigtig med at dele den med fremmede. Disse koder kan let skaffes af nogen med ondsindede hensigter.

Transistorer

En transistor er en halvlederenhed, der skifter elektronisk strøm og forstærker elektroniske signaler. De har normalt tre terminaler og en "D"-form. PCB-nummeret for en transistor vil typisk være Q. En anden type halvlederenhed på et PCB er en induktor, som er en lille spole, der lagrer magnetisk energi. PCB-designere bruger ofte bogstaverne L til at indikere en induktor.

Transistorer er en nøglekomponent i mange elektroniske kredsløb. Ud over at være en forstærker kan de også fungere som switches. Det betyder, at designere kan bruge transistorer til at skifte små strømme til større. Transistorer kan bruges i alle slags kredsløb, fra simple kontakter til mere komplekse kredsløb, der kræver varierende strømme.

Induktorer

Når man designer elektroniske kredsløb, er induktoren en af de vigtigste komponenter. En induktor, også kendt som en spole, kondensator eller reaktor, lagrer energi i form af et magnetfelt, når der løber en elektrisk strøm igennem den. Induktorer er typisk lavet af isoleret tråd, der er viklet til en spole.

Der findes mange forskellige typer induktorer. Nogle er overflademonterede, mens andre er gennemhullede. Overflademonterede induktorer har puder, hvor de loddes fast, mens gennemgående induktorer monteres direkte på printkortet. Gennemgående induktorer har ledninger, der føres gennem huller på printkortet, og de er bølgeloddet på bagsiden. Så er der jernkerneinduktorer, som har en metalkerne. Disse induktorer har høje induktansværdier, men er begrænsede i højfrekvenskapacitet.

Homologer

PCB'er er en familie af menneskeskabte organiske kemikalier, der består af en biphenylstruktur med kloratomer tilknyttet. PCB'er klassificeres i homologe grupper, som er organiseret efter antallet af kloratomer i molekylet. Produktion og brug af PCB blev forbudt herhjemme i 1979.

PCB'er findes i miljøet i flere former, herunder klorerede, di- og tri-PCB'er. Graden af klorering bestemmer deres fysisk-kemiske egenskaber. Fordelingsmønstre for PCB-homologer giver information om den potentielle kilde til PCB'er samt de mulige miljømæssige konsekvenser.

Kongenere

Antallet af PCB-kongenere er et vigtigt parameter til bestemmelse af det samlede PCB-indhold i en indeluftprøve. Dette antal kan estimeres ved at bestemme koncentrationen af hver af de seks kongenere, som derefter ganges med fem. Denne procedure blev opdateret i 2005 af Verdenssundhedsorganisationen. CEN-metoden giver også mulighed for at vælge yderligere fire kongenere, som er de vigtigste kongenere i hver homologgruppe.

I undersøgelsen analyserede Harvard Organics Laboratory serumniveauerne hos 18 lærere. Resultaterne blev sammenlignet med de aldersstratificerede NHANES-data for den samme gruppe af lærere. For den sidstnævnte gruppe overskred 18 lærere mediankoncentrationen for kongenerne seks til 74, og 11 lærere overskred det øvre 95%-niveau.

PCB'er med flere lag

Flere industrier er afhængige af flerlags printkort, herunder luftfartsindustrien, medicinsk udstyr og bilindustrien. Disse printkort er robuste og i stand til at modstå miljøets stress, såsom høje temperaturer, ekstreme vibrationer og barske miljøer. De bruges også i mange husholdningsapparater.

Processen med at designe flerlags-printkort involverer mange trin, herunder oprettelse af en designdatabase, definition af printkortets størrelse, rutning af spor og placering af komponenter. Processen er kompleks og kræver nøjagtig PCB-designsoftware og en layer stack manager.

Datablade

Et datablad er et detaljeret teknisk dokument, der beskriver elektroniske komponenters funktionalitet. Det er skrevet af ingeniører til ingeniører, så det kan være svært at forstå for folk, der ikke ved så meget om elektronik. Men databladet er en vigtig kilde til information for alle, der har brug for at vide, hvordan en bestemt del fungerer. Disse dokumenter indeholder også vigtige oplysninger som f.eks. komponentens maksimale klassificering.

Navneskilte

Du tænker måske: "Hvordan finder jeg PCB-nummer til typeskilte?" Først er det nyttigt at vide, hvilken slags data du leder efter. Den første byte på et navneskilt indeholder en ASCII-streng, der repræsenterer virksomhedens navn eller hjemmesideadresse. Den næste byte indeholder nummeret. Disse data gemmes i en Little Endian byte-rækkefølge. Det betyder, at tallet i hver byte skal følge den naturlige rækkefølge af cifre, skrevet fra højre mod venstre.

En anden måde at identificere PCB-nummeret for typeskilte på er at finde transformatorens testmærkat. Denne mærkat er normalt placeret på polen eller potten. Det vil have PCB-nummeret stemplet i det. Med en god linse på dit kamera kan du tage et billede af typeskiltet.

Sådan får du strøm til et printkort

/0 Kommentarer/i /af

Sådan får du strøm til et printkort

There are several components that go into a circuit board. One of the most important ones is the resistor. There are also transistors and capacitors that are used to switch electronic signals. Each of these components is important and serves a specific purpose. The right combination of all these components will result in a working circuit board.

Resistor

Resistors are used to limit the amount of current that can flow through a device. There are several parameters that affect the resistance value, including the temperature coefficient and tolerance. The temperature coefficient indicates how accurately the resistor will limit current, and is usually specified in applications requiring high precision. The temperature coefficient is determined by the resistive material, as well as its mechanical design.

Because resistors are very hot at their maximum power rating, they are generally applied at 50% of their maximum power. This derating procedure adds reliability and safety. The maximum power rating of a resistor will vary according to the design of the product and the use of the heat sink. Large wirewound resistors may be rated at up to a thousand watts.

Resistors are a critical part of a circuit board. There are two types: through-hole and surface-mount. Through-hole resistors are smaller than surface-mount resistors, and are primarily used in prototyping and breadboarding. Surface-mount resistors, on the other hand, are small, black rectangles designed to sit on a PCB or mating landing pads. These resistors are typically mounted using a robot or an oven, and are secured in place by solder.

Linear regulator

Linear regulators are used to provide power to a circuit board. However, they are relatively low-efficient and have poor performance in many applications. The regulator’s efficiency depends on the transistor inside, which functions like a variable series resistance. In addition, the large input-to-output voltage differential leads to large power dissipation. To compensate for this, the datasheet for the linear regulator will specify a bypass capacitor.

A linear voltage regulator consists of three terminals: an input voltage pin, an output voltage pin, and a ground connection. It is an essential component of electronic circuits and is used in many low-power supply management systems. This regulator is a common choice for local voltage conversion on a PCB and provides lower noise than switching-mode regulators. It can provide input voltages from 1 to 24V and drive currents of up to 5A.

This type of regulator is typically used in low-current, noise-sensitive, and space-constrained applications. It is also popular in consumer electronics and IoT devices. It can be used in hearing aid applications, where low-cost is more important than power dissipation.

Switch-Mode regulator

A switching-mode regulator is a device used in electronic circuits that converts mains voltage into higher-power output. These power supplies have several advantages over linear AC-to-DC power supplies. They are compact, reduce power consumption, and can be found in many common electronic devices. For example, they are used in TVs, dc motor drives, and most PCs. While the technology behind switch-mode power supplies is relatively new, they are becoming a common component in electronics.

The design of a switching regulator PCB should be optimized to minimize the amount of switching current in the circuit. It should be short enough to avoid affecting the circuit board’s layout, and it should be designed to minimize the effects of both radiated and conducted interference. In addition, the circuit board must have adequate copper thickness to carry the required currents. It should be designed with an appropriate coefficient of thermal expansion. It is important to consider the conductor loss of the circuit board, which is a crucial parameter when designing a high-speed SMPS.

The SW pin should be routed underneath the input capacitor. The trace should be thin and short to reduce EMI, while maintaining a small SW node. In some cases, it can be advantageous to use a via to connect the SW pin to an inductor. However, be aware that vias add additional EMI, so you may want to avoid using them unless they are absolutely necessary.

Diode

The principle behind the diode is simple: it allows a certain current to flow in one direction while blocking another one. A diode has two elements, the anode and the cathode. It is a semiconductor device with an arrow-like shape. When connected in series with a load, it allows current to flow from the positive to negative side. A diode is a simple two-element semiconductor device that functions like a transistor but has two sides, an anode and a cathode. It conducts electricity in the direction of the arrow, so if you have a circuit board with a switch that uses a diode, the current will flow from the cathode to the anode.

A diode is a semiconductor device that allows you to control how much current flows through the circuit. When the diode is placed in the negative position, it is forward biased, so that when the voltage reaches its negative peak, the diode conducts current. The current then flows through the capacitor, which retains its charge as the input voltage rises.

Sådan bruger du dobbeltsidet prototypekort

/0 Kommentarer/i /af

Sådan bruger du dobbeltsidet prototypekort

Der er et par vigtige trin, du bør kende, når du forsøger at lave et dobbeltsidet prototype-PCB. Først skal du identificere komponenterne på printkortet. Nogle printkort har kobberstrimler i bunden, der fungerer som forbindelser mellem komponenterne. Du kan bruge et bor til at brække disse strimler væk og derved lave isolerede strimler af kobber.
Overførsel af komponenter fra et breadboard til et stripboard

Overførsel af komponenter fra et breadboard til et stripboard er en nyttig måde at flytte et fungerende kredsløb til et mere permanent og tilgængeligt prototypeboard. Stripboards har vandrette kobberskinner, der efterligner breadboardskinnerne. Du kan købe færdigpakkede stripboards, chipholdere, header pins og andre komponentdele hos elektronikgrossister.

For det første skal du forberede din stripboard. Det kan gøres med en dedikeret spot-cutter, et 4 mm bor eller en stærk stanleykniv. Målet er at skabe to sæt parallelle kobberskinner. For at sikre, at stripboards har de samme pins, må du ikke forbinde chip-sokler til to rækker på stripboardet.

Når du har boret huller i stripboardet, skal du overføre komponenterne til dem. De fleste komponenter passer på et Stripboard med huller på 0,1 tommer i midten. Hullerne er kompatible med integrerede DIP-kredsløb og -stik. Det er dog vigtigt at bemærke, at nogle komponenter måske ikke passer på et stripboard med et hulmønster, der matcher printkortets layout.

Identificering af testpunkter på et printkort

Testpunkter er små blottede kobberområder på et dobbeltsidet prototype-PCB, der fungerer som adgangspunkter for testproben. De er typisk placeret i bunden af printkortet, men mere komplekse printkort kan have testpunkter på begge sider. Testpunkterne skal være jævnt fordelt på printkortet for at sikre, at de ikke kortsluttes og ikke beskadiger kredsløbet under testen. Desuden skal testpunkterne identificeres med meningsfulde etiketter eller referencer for at gøre det lettere at finde dem.

Identificering af testpunkter på et dobbeltsidet prototype-PCB er afgørende for en vellykket test af kredsløbet. Testpunkter er områder, hvor testsignaler injiceres for at afgøre, om kredsløbet fungerer korrekt. Testsignalets output måles med en probe for at afgøre, om signalet er lavt eller højt. Afhængigt af resultatet kan man foretage de rette ændringer for at forbedre kredsløbet.

Når man laver et prototype-PCB, er det vigtigt at identificere testpunkter før lodning. Processen med at samle et dobbeltsidet prototype-PCB kan være automatiseret eller manuel. Førstnævnte kræver menneskelig arbejdskraft, mens sidstnævnte kræver maskiner. Through-hole packaging kræver mere plads end overflademontering, hvilket kan give plads- og omkostningsproblemer på mindre printkort.

Loddepasta virker ikke til PTH-komponenter

Lodning af Plated-Thru-Hole (PTH)-komponenter på printkort afhænger af en række faktorer, herunder en tilstrækkelig høj temperatur og et smeltet loddemiddel, der er godt at acceptere. En anden faktor er selve kobberets tilstand, som kan være stærkt oxideret og bør renses med fint sandpapir. Korrekte loddeteknikker er også nødvendige.

Loddepasta er en blanding af metalloddepulver og et flusmiddel. Pastaen indeholder den rette mængde loddemetal i forhold til komponentens type og smeltepunkt. Den korrekte mængde og placering af loddepastaen er afgørende for at sikre en god binding. Hvis loddepastaen ikke fungerer korrekt, kan det føre til en dårlig forbindelse.

Pastaen kan forårsage oxidering, hvis den ikke smelter ved den rette temperatur. Du kan bruge en sprøjte til loddepasta til at påføre loddetinnet. Sørg for at opbevare pastaen i en lynlåspose, da luft kan få den til at tørre.

How to Wire Circuit Boards – Soldering, Jumper Wires, Slots, and Pogo Pins

/0 Kommentarer/i /af

How to Wire Circuit Boards – Soldering, Jumper Wires, Slots, and Pogo Pins

Learning how to wire circuit boards is an important skill for electronics novices. It will make the whole process go much faster if you have some basic knowledge. This article will give you an overview of Soldering, Jumper wires, Slots, and Pogo pins. After a few tips and tricks, you should be able to make your own simple and effective electronic devices.

Lodning

When soldering circuit boards, you need to make sure that the solder tip is clean and that the board is well-cleansed. This is because soldering at high temperatures can damage the PCB and its components. It is also a good idea to use tinned soldering tips. These help the solder flow smoothly and prevent oxidation.

The normal method of soldering circuit boards is by laying them out in a grid fashion and soldering the components to the adjacent circle pads. Connections outside of the grid are typically made with a small gauge wire, which can be stripped from a cat 5 cable. The method used for hobby electronics is slightly different.

Jumper wires

When using jumper wires to wire a circuit board, you must choose the right size. The size of the wire should be at least one-and-a-half inches longer than the board’s width. You should also choose wire with a larger gauge. Larger gauge wires are easier to place and read, and are also more convenient to handle during assembly. Also, keep in mind that different jumper wires have different insulation qualities. Most jumper wires are insulated with Teflon, a type of synthetic rubber that won’t melt at soldering temperatures. Moreover, this type of insulation is the most common and least expensive.

Jumper wires come in various colours. They can be black or red. You can use red for ground, while black for power. Also, be sure to check the type of connectors used when putting jumper wires on the circuit board. Male wires have a protruding pin, whereas female ones don’t.

Slots

In the printed circuit board (PCB), slots serve various purposes. Generally, they are used for electrical connections. There are two types of slots: plated-through slots and non-plated-through slots. Plated-through slots are used for component packaging and are more common. Non-plated slots are also available on PCBs. Both types of slots are typically used on multi-layered boards.

The slot width varies depending on the PCB. Usually, 0.50mm is the minimum size of a slot. A slot that is plated will have copper on both the top and bottom layer. A non-plated slot, on the other hand, will be copper-free.

Pogo pins

Pogo pins are a popular way to attach electronic components to a circuit board. They can replace traditional solder joints and are especially useful for prototypes and development boards. Pogo pins have the advantage of being spring-loaded, which means that a large amount of soldering pressure can damage or dislodge the wire. They are particularly useful for projects where components are constantly being replaced or disconnected.

Pogo pins are typically spring-loaded contacts that have a flat or concave metal surface. These contacts are positioned on a circuit board’s surface in order to make an electrical connection. This way, they can be made with a lower cost and with less space.

Soldering liquid rosin

Soldering liquid rosin is a material that is used to wire circuit boards. This substance is made up of a base material and an activator to remove oxides from the metal surface. It also contains additives that aid in the soldering process. The liquid can be applied to the board with a flux pen or core wires. This product is especially useful when working with delicate wires.

Soldering liquid rosin is one of the oldest fluxes, and it quickly clears away metal oxides. However, it is not a good idea to leave this liquid on a hot electronic. Not only can it cause damage, but it can also be difficult to remove. If you are unable to remove the flux, you may have to clean the board with deionized water.