Apa yang dimaksud dengan Perakitan Kartu Sirkuit?

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Apa yang dimaksud dengan Perakitan Kartu Sirkuit?

A circuit card is a printed circuit board that contains electronic components. The process of assembling one involves several steps. The first step is to design the circuit. This involves using specialized software and schematic capture tools. Once the schematic is ready, the next step is to print the PCB. The copper is then etched and laminated to two sides of a non-conductive material, which is used as the PCB substrate.

Printed circuit board assembly

Printed circuit board assembly is a complex process that involves the connection of electronic components to the printed circuit boards. Printed circuit boards contain conductive pathways that connect the electronic components to one another. These boards are then mounted onto a non-conductive substrate. When the final assembly is complete, the electronic components are soldered or inserted into the board.

Printed circuit boards can be single-sided, double-sided, or multi-layer. Single-sided boards consist of one copper layer, while double-sided boards have two layers. Multi-layer PCBs allow for more component density and circuit traces on the inner layers. Multilayer PCBs are increasingly popular in electronic components and devices. However, multi-layer PCBs can be difficult to repair or modify in the field.

The PCB assembly process starts with a design. The layout of components on the PCB is determined by the number and location of copper layers. PCBs with many layers are more complex and time-consuming to produce. Choosing the number of layers and interconnection design depends on the circuitry to be designed, as more layers will give the designer more routing options and better control over signal integrity, but will cost more to produce. Assemblers also place components on the panel during the assembly process.

Process of assembling a circuit card

Assembling a circuit card is a process that involves connecting electronic components to a printed circuit board (PCB). Circuit card assembly involves fabricating the circuits, placing the electronic components and soldering them into place. It also involves cleaning the circuit card and inspecting it for quality before final assembly.

A circuit card can be either a single or double-sided product. It may have silkscreens identifying the components or test points. It can be used to connect electronic products, or it can be used to control the functions of a computer. Assembling a circuit board requires some soldering skills and specialized equipment. You will also need a soldering iron with a fine tip. Using a fine tip will make it easier to solder small components and control the production rate. It is also important to calibrate the soldering iron and preheat the PCB and the components to ensure a good connection.

A circuit card has several layers of electronic components that are held together by a PCBA substrate. These PCBA substrates can be made of copper or other conductive materials. A layer of copper is also laminated onto the circuit board, and sometimes multiple layers are used. The copper is then covered with a solder mask, which protects the components from shorts and corrosion. In the early days, circuits were powered by batteries or direct current. Later, Nikola Tesla invented alternating current, which allows the voltage of the current to vary.

Materials used for assembling a circuit card

Various materials are used in the assembling process of a circuit card. The most common one is FR-4, which is a dielectric material. Copper-clad laminate is another material that is widely used today. Copper-clad laminate is a type of board stock that contains unetched copper.

The materials used in assembling a circuit card are chosen based on their electrical and thermal properties. They may also be chosen to satisfy governmental requirements. For example, the European Union’s Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directive restricts the use of certain metals and chemicals. Another method of assessing the performance of a material is the UL (Underwriters Laboratories) rating. This rating is essential for many electronic devices.

The materials used for assembling a circuit card include a substrate for support and a conductive layer for connection. The substrate can be flexible, ridged, or even a metal core board. The copper is then laminated to the substrate. There are several layers of copper, depending on the type of PCBA. Lastly, a solder mask is applied to the surface of the circuit card to prevent corrosion and reduce the risk of solder shorts.

Cost of assembling a circuit card

A circuit card is a flat, thin piece of dielectric material with conductive paths connecting electronic components to sockets on a printed circuit board. The process of assembling circuit cards is called Circuit Card Assembly (CCA), and it involves etching patterns on the dielectric substrate and adding electronic components.

The cost of assembling a circuit card depends on a few factors. One important factor is labor. An assembly company in North America will charge an average of $1,100 per circuit board with a three-day turnaround, while the same quantity in China will cost just $545. Additionally, labor costs will vary by geographical location. For example, in North America, a circuit board will cost about $1,100, whereas the same card assembly in China will cost $550.

The PCB assembly process is highly customized and therefore increases the cost of the printed circuit board. However, there is a middle ground that allows for customization without exceeding the budget. The cost of PCB assembly can also be minimized by using contract manufacturing partners who offer cost-effective services. PCB assembly also involves several human processes as well as automated machinery.

8 Bahan Teratas untuk PCB Gelombang Mikro

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8 Bahan Teratas untuk PCB Gelombang Mikro

If you’re in the market for a microwave PCB, it’s important to look at the materials that are used in these circuits. There are a variety of different materials available, and the best materials for a microwave PCB are determined by certain factors. For example, a material’s Er value should be less than 2.5, and it should have a low Df value, which indicates that it’s a good candidate for microwave applications. High-frequency materials should also have a low variation in Df.

Hydrocarbon-based materials

Hydrocarbon-based PCB materials can be a great option for microwave-frequency applications. Typically, these materials are compatible with standard FR4 PCB fabrication processes. In many cases, these PCB materials are preferred over PTFE or glass. However, the choice of material for your microwave-frequency circuitry should be based on the application’s requirements.

Glass fiber

This type of material has a number of advantages over the traditional copper-based substrates. It is flame-retardant and offers good thermal and mechanical properties. Glass fiber reinforced pcbs are among the top choices of manufacturers for many reasons.

Aluminium

Microwave pcbs are generally made from a thin layer of aluminum that is laminated to a thermal substrate. Thermal bonding materials can be used to bond the two layers together, and thermal materials can be laminated to one side or both sides of aluminum. Then, the laminated assembly is through-drilled and plated. Through holes in the aluminum substrate maintain electrical insulation.

Tembaga

Copper is one of the most popular materials for microwave PCBs, but there are also advantages to other materials for this type of design. For starters, it has a very low dielectric strength. This property limits the performance of microwave PCBs in certain applications. Secondly, copper has a high melting point, which makes it one of the most expensive materials for microwave PCBs.

FR-4 glass/epoxy

FR-4 glass/epoxy for PCBs is a high-frequency material used for PCBs. This material offers good electrical and mechanical specifications and is relatively stable over time. However, it has several disadvantages, including the tendency to quickly dull drill bits and cutting shears. Moreover, it is abrasive and glass splinters can be painful.

FR-5 glass/epoxy

Microwave PCBs require different metallization processes than traditional PCBs. In general, FR-4 glass/epoxy material is preferred. It is a low-cost and flame retardant material that has been the industry standard for decades.

FR-2 glass/epoxy

When choosing the material for a microwave PCB, it’s important to understand the range of properties that this material can offer. Glass/epoxy is a flexible circuit material with low dielectric losses at microwave frequencies. FR-4 is a glass fabric-reinforced laminate bonded with flame-resistant epoxy resin. The National Electrical Manufacturers Association has designated this material as UL94VO-compliant and it is a good choice for microwave PCBs.

FR-3 glass/epoxy

FR-3 glass/epoxy for the manufacture of microwave PCBs is a high-performance material that is derived from woven glass reinforced material and an epoxy resin binder. This material has exceptional mechanical properties, including resistance to high temperatures. It is also known for its low moisture absorption, chemical resistance, and immense strength. By comparison, FR-1 and FR-2 are paper-based materials with lower glass transition temperatures.

Pemilihan Bahan Sirkuit PCB dan Pengaruhnya pada Pita Frekuensi 5G yang Berbeda

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Pemilihan Bahan Sirkuit PCB dan Pengaruhnya pada Pita Frekuensi 5G yang Berbeda

Peralihan 5G akan menjadi keputusan penting bagi banyak industri, tetapi peralihan tersebut akan bergantung pada aplikasi dan operasi mereka. Beberapa industri perlu mengadopsi teknologi baru dengan cepat agar tetap kompetitif, sementara industri lain mungkin ingin meluangkan waktu. Terlepas dari industri mana Anda berada, Anda harus mempertimbangkan potensi biaya yang terkait dengan penggunaan bahan baru berkecepatan tinggi. Waktu penumpukan untuk PCB dapat meningkat secara signifikan dengan bahan berkecepatan tinggi, jadi Anda perlu meluangkan waktu untuk membuat keputusan yang tepat.

Konstanta dielektrik

Dalam hal pemilihan bahan PCB, konstanta dielektrik merupakan pertimbangan penting. Konstanta ini menentukan seberapa cepat bahan akan mengembang dan menyusut ketika terkena perubahan suhu. Tingkat konduktivitas termal bahan PCB biasanya diukur dalam watt per meter per Kelvin. Bahan dielektrik yang berbeda akan memiliki tingkat konduktivitas termal yang berbeda. Tembaga, misalnya, memiliki konduktivitas termal 386 W/M-oC.

Ketika memilih bahan PCB, ingatlah bahwa konstanta dielektrik efektif substrat mempengaruhi kecepatan gelombang elektromagnetik. Konstanta dielektrik dari bahan substrat PCB dan geometri jalur akan menentukan seberapa cepat sinyal dapat bergerak melintasi sirkuit.

Konstanta dielektrik adalah pertimbangan utama ketika memilih bahan PCB untuk jaringan 5G. Permitivitas yang tinggi akan menyerap sinyal elektromagnetik dan menurunkan sensitivitas komunikasi. Oleh karena itu, sangat penting untuk memilih bahan PCB yang memiliki permitivitas rendah.

Ketebalan jejak

Rentang frekuensi teknologi 5G lebih besar daripada teknik komunikasi nirkabel sebelumnya. Ini berarti bahwa struktur yang lebih pendek rentan untuk tereksitasi oleh sinyal. Biasanya, panjang gelombang dari satu jejak PCB adalah satu sentimeter. Dengan rentang frekuensi ini, satu jejak dapat menjadi antena penerimaan yang bagus. Namun, ketika rentang frekuensi meluas, kerentanan jejak PCB meningkat. Oleh karena itu, sangat penting untuk menentukan pendekatan perisai terbaik.

Pita frekuensi standar 5G dibagi menjadi dua bagian - pita rendah dan pita tinggi. Pita pertama adalah wilayah gelombang milimeter, sedangkan pita kedua berada di bawah ambang batas 6GHz. Pita yang berpusat di sekitar 30 GHz dan 77 GHz akan digunakan untuk jaringan seluler.

Pita kedua adalah pita rendah, yang biasanya digunakan di sektor energi untuk berkomunikasi dengan ladang angin terpencil, operasi pertambangan, dan ladang minyak. Pita ini juga digunakan untuk menghubungkan sensor pintar di bidang pertanian. Mid-band 5G, yang mentransmisikan sekitar 1,7GHz hingga 2,5GHz, memberikan keseimbangan yang baik antara kecepatan dan jangkauan. Ini dirancang untuk menjangkau area yang luas dan menawarkan kecepatan yang relatif tinggi, yang masih lebih cepat daripada yang bisa Anda dapatkan dengan internet rumah.

Biaya

Dalam hal pembuatan produk elektronik, pilihan bahan untuk PCB sangatlah penting. Ada banyak tantangan ketika memproduksi pada pita frekuensi tinggi, seperti 5G. Untungnya, PCBA123 telah menciptakan kelompok bahan yang memenuhi persyaratan untuk rentang frekuensi baru ini.

Frekuensi pembawa yang lebih tinggi yang digunakan dalam jaringan 5G akan memungkinkan kecepatan data yang lebih tinggi dan latensi yang lebih rendah. Hal ini akan memungkinkan konektivitas yang lebih besar untuk jumlah perangkat yang jauh lebih banyak. Ini berarti bahwa 5G mungkin akan menjadi standar untuk Internet of Things. Namun, seiring dengan meningkatnya pita frekuensi, begitu juga dengan kompleksitas perangkat.

Untungnya, ada beberapa cara untuk mengurangi biaya PCB. Sebagai contoh, salah satu opsi adalah menggunakan polimer kristal cair dengan kerugian rendah, yang memiliki Tg yang lebih rendah. Meskipun opsi ini dapat menurunkan biaya, opsi ini dapat menimbulkan masalah permitivitas baru. Sebagai alternatif, produsen dapat menggunakan keramik fleksibel dan polimida, yang lebih cocok untuk aplikasi suhu rendah.

Ekspansi termal

Sirkuit PCB frekuensi tinggi memerlukan bahan dengan karakteristik ekspansi termal yang berbeda. Meskipun FR-4 adalah bahan yang paling umum digunakan dalam sirkuit frekuensi tinggi, ada juga banyak bahan lain yang dapat digunakan untuk meminimalkan kerugian. Di antara bahan-bahan ini adalah polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) murni, PTFE yang diisi keramik, keramik hidrokarbon, dan termoplastik suhu tinggi. Bahan-bahan ini bervariasi dalam nilai Dk, dan faktor kehilangan didasarkan pada kontaminan permukaan, higroskopisitas laminasi, dan suhu produksi.

Bahan sirkuit PCB yang digunakan dalam teknologi 5G harus tahan terhadap variasi suhu yang lebih tinggi. Peningkatan ketahanan termal akan memungkinkan papan sirkuit diproses menggunakan fasilitas pemrosesan papan sirkuit yang ada. Selain itu, teknologi 5G akan membutuhkan bahan PCB berkualitas lebih tinggi. Sebagai contoh, Isola MT40 adalah bahan dengan koefisien muai panas yang rendah pada arah ketebalan, dengan Dk/Df 0,03, yang menunjukkan bahwa bahan ini sesuai untuk aplikasi frekuensi tinggi.

Untuk memastikan integritas sinyal, sistem 5G akan membutuhkan komponen berkecepatan tinggi dan frekuensi tinggi. Dengan manajemen termal yang efektif, komponen-komponen ini dapat dirancang untuk bekerja pada kecepatan setinggi mungkin. Konduktivitas termal, atau TCR, adalah properti yang mengukur konstanta dielektrik substrat dalam kaitannya dengan suhu. Ketika sebuah sirkuit berada dalam operasi frekuensi tinggi, sirkuit tersebut menghasilkan panas dan kehilangan kinerja dielektrik.

3 Konsep Untuk Memulai Dengan Desain PCB Berkecepatan Tinggi

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3 Konsep Untuk Memulai Dengan Desain PCB Berkecepatan Tinggi

Sebelum Anda memulai dengan desain PCB kecepatan tinggi, ada beberapa konsep dasar yang perlu Anda pahami. Ini termasuk perhitungan Impedansi, Skema, dan alat bantu penugasan Jejak. Anda juga perlu mempertimbangkan pentingnya menjaga panjang jejak.

Skema

Skema memainkan peran penting dalam desain PCB. Mereka membantu mengkomunikasikan masalah desain dan memastikan bahwa PCB akhir memenuhi semua spesifikasi yang diperlukan. Selain itu, skema menyediakan kerangka kerja yang sesuai untuk desain kecepatan tinggi. Jika Anda tidak yakin tentang cara terbaik untuk mengatur sirkuit berkecepatan tinggi, pertimbangkan untuk membaca beberapa konsep terpenting mengenai skema.

Ketika mendesain sirkuit untuk PCB berkecepatan tinggi, penting untuk mengelompokkan komponen dan aliran sirkuit ke dalam kelompok yang logis. Hal ini akan membantu Anda menata letak sirkuit pada papan. Anda juga dapat mengelompokkan komponen sensitif tertentu. Sebaliknya, jika desain untuk produk berkecepatan rendah, aliran sirkuit mungkin tidak menjadi perhatian utama. Sebaliknya, Anda mungkin lebih peduli untuk memanfaatkan ruang yang ada pada lembar skematik.

Ketika mendesain PCB berkecepatan tinggi, Anda perlu mempertimbangkan proses perutean secara hati-hati. Ada berbagai teknik yang digunakan untuk proses ini, jadi pastikan Anda berkolaborasi dengan para ahli di bidangnya. Sebagai contoh, Anda harus menempatkan prosesor pusat di dekat bagian tengah papan, di mana prosesor ini akan berinteraksi dengan komponen lainnya pada papan. Kemudian, Anda dapat menempatkan periferal di sekitarnya.

Perhitungan impedansi

Perhitungan impedansi untuk desain PCB kecepatan tinggi diperlukan untuk desain PCB kecepatan tinggi. Perhitungan ini melibatkan konstanta dielektrik dan lebar jejak. Nilai-nilai ini kemudian digunakan dalam proses desain untuk menentukan impedansi akhir. Desain PCB dapat disederhanakan dengan menggunakan editor tumpukan, yang memiliki kalkulator impedansi bawaan.

Selain kalkulasi impedansi, alat bantu integritas sinyal dan perutean yang dikontrol impedansi juga penting untuk desain PCB berkecepatan tinggi. Tanpa kontrol impedansi yang tepat, sirkuit tidak dapat dirancang secara efektif. Hal ini dapat mengakibatkan integritas sinyal yang buruk. Mengelola semua parameter papan dapat memakan waktu.

Dalam desain PCB berkecepatan tinggi, sangat penting untuk memastikan bahwa impedansi sinyal pada papan berada dalam satu urutan besarnya. Impedansi jalur sinyal CPCI, misalnya, harus 65 Ohm, sedangkan impedansi sinyal diferensial harus 100 ohm. Impedansi sinyal lain pada papan harus minimal 50 ohm. Selain itu, ruang perutean PCB harus setidaknya sepuluh lapisan. Ini karena setiap lapisan sinyal memiliki bidang gambar yang berdekatan dan lapisan arde yang lengkap. Untuk mencapai hal ini, desain PCB harus menyeimbangkan jejak untuk memaksimalkan kepadatan.

Alat penugasan jejak kaki

Agar proyek desain PCB berkecepatan tinggi berhasil, penting untuk memahami bagaimana sinyal dimanipulasi pada papan. Sinyal harus tiba pada waktu yang tepat, dan kesalahan apa pun dapat menyebabkan data rusak. Selain itu, jejak yang tidak diatur dengan benar dapat menyebabkan sinyal lain mengganggu. Oleh karena itu, desain PCB berkecepatan tinggi memerlukan evaluasi yang cermat berdasarkan kasus per kasus.

 

Apa yang dimaksud dengan Desainer PCB?

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Apa yang dimaksud dengan Desainer PCB?

In this article, we will discuss what is a PCB designer, where they are located, what computer software they use, and what career opportunities are available. PCB designers are responsible for the design of printed circuit boards. They also use design rule checks to ensure that placement and routing are correct. This can help reduce the number of manufacturing re-spins.

Printed circuit board designer

When creating a printed circuit board, an engineer must be creative and provide innovative solutions. They must work with a schematic, part lists, and basic description of the board’s function to develop a design that meets the client’s needs. In addition, a printed circuit board engineer must establish design standards, use CAD/CAM software, and verify completed design elements. Other important tasks include checking dimensions, quantities, and materials.

A printed circuit board designer is someone who designs and places printed circuit boards. They use computer-aided drafting (CAD) programs to create a computerized design that allows them to accurately place parts. They must also be creative and determine how the parts should be arranged to meet the specifications of the client. Depending on the product, a designer might work independently or for a company. They may be expected to use CAD software to create custom designs or optimize a preexisting design.

The CAD software used for designing a PCB requires the PCB designer to prepare a library of parts. These library parts include resistors, capacitors, connectors, and integrated circuits. These parts must be placed in the right place to achieve the most efficient functionality.

Place and route of pcb designer

PCB designers must possess a strong understanding of electronics and CAD software. They should also have sufficient experience with RF and analog layouts. Moreover, they should be knowledgeable about the common design rules related to PCBs. In addition, they should be well versed in working with engineering drawings and libraries. They must also be familiar with the concept of BOM and Configuration Management.

Computer software used by pcb designer

The PCB designer uses a variety of tools and software to create circuit boards. PCB design software can automate processes and improve quality. It also allows designers and stakeholders to see changes and ensure that all project specifications are met. In addition to creating circuit boards, PCB design software also helps engineers collaborate on projects.

PCB design software can range in cost and features. Choose a program that is suitable for your needs. Some software is free, while others require a small investment. You should also consider the operating system you’re using. Some PCB design software is compatible with MacOS and Linux, but others require a Windows OS.

Some PCB designer software has advanced features that make it easy to create complex circuit boards. Some of these tools also export designs in multiple formats. Make sure that the PCB design software offers extensive support and has a large library of standard parts. This will help you avoid having to reinvent the wheel each time you want to make a new part.

Career opportunities for pcb designer

There are a variety of PCB design jobs available. These designers work with a variety of people, including engineers and other designers, to create the perfect board. They must be excellent communicators to ensure that the final design meets all specifications. They also communicate with clients and manufacturers to explain how their designs will benefit the final product. A good PCB designer should have excellent verbal and written communication skills.

Education is also a vital part of a PCB designer’s career. In addition to a bachelor’s degree, a PCB designer can pursue additional certifications and learning courses to increase their knowledge of PCB design. These courses can provide specialized training in PCB tools and technology trends. Some of these programs are offered online by a variety of institutions.

A PCB designer must have extensive knowledge of electronics and CAD software. They should also have a working knowledge of RF and analog layouts. It is also important that a designer knows how to create the PCB’s design on software, and be able to view the physical version of the PCB in a digital format to check for errors. This type of expertise is important, because it will allow the designer to save time and money on the creation of circuit boards.