Regole di base per il cablaggio di layout e componenti

Regole di base per il cablaggio di layout e componenti

Esistono alcune regole di base da seguire quando si progetta un layout. Tra queste vi è quella di mantenere i piani di alimentazione e di massa all'interno della scheda, di evitare le reti incrociate e di posizionare per primi i componenti più critici. Si dovrebbe anche cercare di posizionare i circuiti integrati e i processori di grandi dimensioni all'interno della scheda. Seguendo queste regole, non si avranno problemi a progettare e creare un circuito stampato.

Evitare di attraversare le reti

Quando si cablano i componenti tra loro, è necessario evitare di incrociare le reti. Se sono presenti vias, assicurarsi che siano sufficientemente distanti tra loro per evitare l'incrocio delle reti. Un altro modo per evitare di incrociare le reti è quello di posizionare il pin positivo di un circuito integrato davanti al pin negativo dell'altro circuito integrato. In questo modo si evita di incrociare le reti sulla scheda.

Posizionare processori e circuiti integrati di grandi dimensioni all'interno della scheda

Microprocessori, circuiti integrati e altri grandi componenti elettronici sono il cuore della maggior parte dei circuiti. Sono onnipresenti e si trovano su quasi tutti i circuiti. Possono essere dispositivi semplici con pochi transistor o complessi con milioni o addirittura miliardi di transistor. Esistono molti tipi di circuiti integrati, tra cui microcontrollori a 8 bit, microprocessori a 64 bit e pacchetti avanzati.

Evitare di posizionare i vias sui piani di alimentazione e di terra.

L'inserimento di vias sui piani di alimentazione e di terra crea vuoti che possono creare punti caldi nel circuito. Per questo motivo, è meglio tenere le linee di segnale lontane da questi piani. Una regola generale è quella di posizionare i vias a 15 mil di distanza l'uno dall'altro. Inoltre, quando si posizionano le linee di segnale, bisogna assicurarsi che ci siano 1350 curve per via.

In un tipico sistema di distribuzione dell'alimentazione su PCB, i piani di alimentazione e di terra si trovano sugli strati esterni. Questi strati sono caratterizzati da bassa induttanza e alta capacità. Nei sistemi digitali ad alta velocità può verificarsi un rumore di commutazione. Per attenuare questo fenomeno, è opportuno utilizzare i rilievi termici per effettuare le connessioni elettriche.

Evitare di posizionare i vias sulle tracce

Quando si cablano i componenti, è importante evitare di posizionare i vias sulle tracce. I vias sono fori praticati nella scheda attraverso i quali passano sottili fili di rame che vengono saldati su entrambi i lati. Idealmente, i vias dovrebbero essere posizionati ad almeno un ottavo di lunghezza d'onda dalle tracce. Questa pratica riduce la temperatura di esercizio del circuito integrato e rende il progetto più affidabile.

I vial sono molto utili per spostare i segnali da un livello all'altro. A differenza delle tracce che corrono da uno strato all'altro, sono anche facili da identificare se sono necessarie modifiche al progetto. I vias sono il jack-of-all-trades di un layout PCB, in quanto forniscono la connettività elettrica tra gli strati. Inoltre, sono uno strumento efficace per trasferire il calore da un lato all'altro della scheda.

Perché i componenti attivi sono più costosi di quelli passivi

Perché i componenti attivi sono più costosi di quelli passivi

Electronics are a central part of our modern world and are used in almost every industry. These devices depend on a variety of crucial components to function properly. However, active components are more expensive than passive ones. This article explores the difference between the two types of electronics components. You’ll learn why active components are more expensive and why passive ones are cheaper.

Transistor

There are two basic types of electronic components: active and passive. Active components are used to produce power, whereas passive components are used to store it. Both types are important in electronic devices, because they ensure that the electronic equipment works as expected. However, there are a few important differences between active and passive electronic components.

A transistor is an active component, and it is a semiconductor device that requires external power to function. The transistor can boost or reduce the current that flows in a circuit. A transistor can also change the direction in which electricity flows.

Induttori

Active components are those that produce current or voltage, while passive components do not. The difference between active and passive components is not just in their physical appearance; it also has to do with their function. An active component has a function to amplify power, while a passive one has no purpose.

Essentially, active components require an external source of energy to work. Passive components do not generate energy, but they do store energy and control current flow. An example of an active component would be a transistor, while a passive component would be a resistor.

Inductors filter out high-frequency signals

An inductor can be used in an electrical circuit to filter out high-frequency signals. It works by reducing the frequency of the signal to a frequency lower than the input frequency. Generally, engineers look for a ratio that goes down to 1/(2*x)1/2. They also want to know the corner frequency, which can be determined graphically. The x-axis displays the frequency, while the y-axis represents the gain.

One way to determine the inductor’s inductance is by measuring the voltage across the inductor. This will help you to determine the sensitivity of the inductor to a high-frequency signal. The inductance can also be measured by using the corner frequency. Keep in mind that the inductance is not an exact measurement, because the circuit is always subject to loss.

Transistors are amplifiers and switches

Transistors are electrical devices used to control signals. They are made up of two basic components: an emitter and a collector. The emitter part of a transistor is forward-biased, and the collector part is reverse-biased. When a transistor is operating in its active region, the collector side will show a slightly curved curve. The collector region is the most important part of a transistor since it is where the collector current is most stable.

Transistors can be classified as either p-type or n-type semiconductors. When used as switches, they function in a similar way to amplifiers. They can act as switches by changing the current passing through the base.

Inductors are non-reciprocal

Inductors are non-reciprocal if two or more of them are connected in parallel, and there is no mutual inductance between them. This means that the sum of their total inductances will be less than the sum of their individual inductances. This is the case for parallel inductors, where the coils are arranged in opposite directions.

Mutual inductance is another way to define reciprocity. An equivalent circuit is one in which the primary and secondary portions are of equal mutual inductance. In a reciprocal transformer, the second part does not lose energy during magnetic coupling, so it does not represent lumped energy.

Inductors do not require an external source of energy

Inductors store energy by changing their magnetic field strength in response to the amount of current that flows through them. The stronger the current, the stronger the magnetic field, and the more energy is stored. This property is unique to inductors compared to resistors, which generally dissipate energy in the form of heat. In addition, the amount of energy stored in an inductor depends on the amount of current flowing through it.

The main purpose of an inductor is to store energy. When electric current passes through an inductor, a magnetic field is induced in the conductor. In addition to this, the induced magnetic field opposes the rate of change in current or voltage. As a result, a steady DC current will pass through an inductor, which is symbolized by the letter L. This property makes inductors useful in large power applications where they cannot be replaced with a conventional electrical component.

Top 3 Causes and Countermeasures of Solder Paste Deficiency in PCB Design

Top 3 Causes and Countermeasures of Solder Paste Deficiency in PCB Design

There are several causes and countermeasures for solder paste deficiency in a PCB design. These include cold solder joints, inaccurate placement, too much heat during soldering, and chemical leakage. Here are some of the most common causes and how to resolve them.

Cold solder joints

In order to avoid the formation of cold solder joints, PCB designers must design the PCB in such a way that all of the components are placed in similar orientations and have good component footprints. This helps to avoid problems with thermal imbalances and asymmetry in solder joints. Also, it is important to design PCBs in such a way that each component is positioned on a D-shaped pad. It is also important to avoid the use of tall components since they create cold zones in the PCB design. Moreover, components near the edge of the board are more likely to get hotter than those in the center.

A faulty solder joint can be a result of a variety of factors, including the lack of flux or a poorly bonded joint. A clean work area is essential for good solder joint quality. It is also important to re-tin the soldering tip to prevent oxidation.

Perdita di sostanze chimiche

If you are a designer of PCBs, you may be interested in learning how to avoid chemical leakage. This problem is caused by solder balls, which appear as small spheres of solder that adhere to the surface of a PCB’s laminate, resist, or conductor. Due to the heat generated, the moisture near the through holes in a PCB can turn to steam and extrude the solder.

Solder bridging is another problem caused by a deficiency of solder paste. When solder cannot separate from a lead before solidifying, it forms a short circuit. While the shorts are often invisible, they can wreak havoc on a component. Several factors can cause this problem, including the number of pins on a PCB, the distance between them, and the reflow oven’s setting. In some cases, a change in materials can also cause solder bridging.

Too much heat during soldering

Solder paste can be prone to deformities when it reaches a certain temperature during soldering. Too much heat during soldering can result in solder balling and discrete deformities. Too much solder paste can also lead to too much flux outgassing. These factors can contribute to solder balling and deformities in PCB design.

Solder paste should never interact with moisture or humidity. The solder mask must be correctly positioned and the stencil bottom should be cleaned regularly. Another common PCB design error is known as the tombstone effect, or “Manhattan effect,” caused by force imbalances during soldering. The effect resembles the shape of a tombstone in a cemetery. However, it represents a defunct PCB design with an open circuit.

Cleaning the material properly after drilling

Solder paste deficiency is the result of a material being improperly cleaned after drilling. Solder wire should be at the correct temperature and ideally be completely wetted with the pads and pins. If the solder is not adequately wetted, it may lead to the formation of a solder bridge or other defects. The right amount of solder is necessary to wet the pads and pins evenly. If it is not, it can form a metal oxide layer on the bonded object. This can be fixed by cleaning the material well and by using the right soldering iron.

Insufficient solder can cause several problems with the circuit board. Inadequate solder can cause a sand hole, broken line, “blow hole” or “solder joint void.” Insufficient solder paste can also lead to the removal of tin from components. It’s essential to avoid such problems by following the PCB design process.

Preventive measures

Solder bridging occurs when solder gets into a space it shouldn’t. Solder bridging can be prevented by using larger component leads. When pads are too small, the solder has to wet a larger area and flow a smaller volume up the lead. This results in solder balls that form and cause shorts. It is important to place pads at optimal positions and use proper solder paste in the soldering process.

A lack of solder paste on the board can also cause component leads to be warmer than pads because component leads have less thermal mass and a higher flow of air around them. Increasing the soak time of solder paste will prevent this issue and equalize temperatures across the assembly. It also reduces the tendency for solder to flow towards warmer surfaces. Another prevention method is to optimize the stencil design to minimize the amount of solder paste on trouble areas. In addition to using a stencil, ensuring that the components are not damaged before placement can help reduce solder paste in problematic areas. Copper balancing can also be used to even out the heating and cooling of the PCB.

The Main Four Methods of Electroplating in the Circuit Board

The Main Four Methods of Electroplating in the Circuit Board

Electroplating on a circuit board can be done in various ways. There are Thru-hole, Cleaning, and Electroless methods. Each method is used to cover different areas of the board. The methods differ slightly from one another, so it’s best to understand the differences in order to make a good decision.

Thru-hole plating

Thru-hole electroplating is a process for electroplating copper on circuit boards. This process involves a series of baths in which the boards are immersed in a chemical solution. This process aims to coat the entire board with copper. During the process, the boards are cleaned to remove all drilling residue, such as burrs and residual resin inside the holes. The fabricators use various chemical agents and abrasive processes to remove any contaminants.

Thru-hole electroplating involves a special low-viscosity ink that forms a highly adherent and conductive film on the inner walls of the hole. This process eliminates the need for multiple chemical treatments. It is an easy process because it only requires one application step followed by thermal curing. The resulting film covers the entire interior wall of the hole. Moreover, its low viscosity allows it to bond to even the most thermally polished holes.

As a result, it is vital to choose a reputable company that offers PCB fabrication. After all, a substandard board may disappoint customers and cost a company money. Besides, it is also necessary to have high-quality processing equipment in the board manufacturing process.

To start the process, you must cut a laminate slightly larger than the size of your board. Afterwards, you must drill the hole in the board with an exact drill bit. Do not use a larger drill bit, as it will destroy the copper in the hole. You can also use tungsten carbide drill bits to make a clean hole.

Electroless plating

Electroless plating is a process that is widely used in the production of printed circuit boards. The main purpose of electroless plating is to increase the copper layer’s thickness, which is usually one mil (25.4 um) or more. This method involves the use of special chemicals to increase the copper layer’s thickness throughout the printed circuit board.

The nickel that is applied in electroless plating acts as a barrier to prevent copper from reacting with other metals, including gold. It is deposited onto the copper surface using an oxidation-reduction reaction, and the result is a layer of electroless nickel that is between three and five microns thick.

Unlike the electroplating method, electroless plating is a fully automated process and does not require any external current supply. The process is autocatalytic and is performed by immersing the circuit board in a solution containing a source metal, a reducing agent, and a stabiliser. The resulting metallic ions attract one another and release energy through a process known as charge transfer. The process can be controlled using a number of parameters, each of which has a specific role to play on the outcome.

The electroless plating process has numerous benefits, including improved deposit quality, uniformity regardless of substrate geometry, and excellent corrosion, wear, and lubricity. Electroless plating also enhances the solderability and ductility of components, and has numerous applications in electronics.

Cleaning plating

Cleaning electroplating on circuit boards requires special care. The first step is to thoroughly wet the board. Then, use a hand brush to scrub the contaminated area. The second step is to rinse the board thoroughly, so that any remaining solvated flux flows off completely. In this way, the board will be thoroughly clean.

The next step involves removing the resist from the board. This step is essential to ensuring good electrical connection. A copper solvent is used to dissolve the resist on the board. Once the copper is exposed, it will conduct electricity. This process will remove the smear and ensure that the board is clean and ready to be plated.

Cleaning electroplating in circuit boards involves rinsing the board and using an acidic solution that contains ions of nickel and other transition metals. In addition, a reducing agent, such as dimethylamineborane, is used. Butyl Carbitol and other conventional cleaning agents are also used.

For the most precise cleaning, vapor degreasing can be used. The PCBs are immersed in a solvent and rinsed by its vapors. However, this procedure can be risky if the solvent is flammable. To avoid flammability, it is recommended to use nonflammable flux removers. You can also use cotton or foam swabs saturated with mild solvents. Most of these solvents are water-based.

How to Do ESD Protection During SMT Assembly

How to Do ESD Protection During SMT Assembly

I danni elettrostatici sono una delle principali cause di guasto dei dispositivi. È responsabile di guasti diretti in ben 10% dei dispositivi elettronici. Può causare problemi in tutto il processo di assemblaggio SMT. Fortunatamente, esistono modi per proteggersi da questo problema.

Static protective material

It is imperative to protect electronic components from electrostatic discharge (ESD), which can lead to damage and failure. Static electricity can be generated at any time or place, and is often caused by friction. It is important to protect electronic devices during the SMT assembly process, so they can maintain optimum performance and reliability. Static protective material should be used from the beginning of the assembly process, and should be continued after completion.

The RH of the manufacturing environment also plays a vital role in the generation of ESD, so the factory’s RH should be carefully controlled. If the RH is not maintained correctly, it can result in very high levels of ESD. It is also recommended to keep materials with high levels of static electricity away from the assembly line. To protect your electronics from ESD, you should use static protective material during the assembly process.

ESD suppression components

To prevent damage from ESD during the SMT assembly process, the components should be stored and transported in ESD-proof bags. Professional assemblers are highly recommended for such work.

To prevent static electricity, assembly employees should wear anti-static clothing. They should also avoid touching the components with sharp objects. Anti-static clothing can also act as a grounding circuit for electronic devices. In addition to wearing conductive clothing, assembly personnel should wear a protective suit and shoes to reduce the risk of static electricity. It is also important to minimize the use of insulating materials.

Static electricity can occur because of metal components, which conduct an electrostatic charge. It can also be caused by induction or body static. The effects can be harmful, particularly to electronic components.

Static protective foam

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) can cause costly damage to electronics. While there are ways to prevent this, it is not possible to shield every device from the effects of ESD. Fortunately, anti-static foams, also known as electrostatic discharge foams, are available to protect sensitive components.

To minimize the risks associated with ESD, use protective packaging for electronic components. Make sure that the packaging is made of appropriate surface and volume resistivity. It should also resist triboelectric charging effects from movement during transit. Typically, electrostatic sensitive components are supplied in black conductive foam or an anti-static bag. Anti-static bags contain partially-conductive plastic that acts as a Faraday cage.

Static electricity is a common problem during the SMT assembly process. It is a byproduct of friction and can cause components to fail. Human movement generates static electricity that can range from a few hundred volts to several thousand volts. This damage can affect electronic components resulting from SMT assembly and can result in premature failure.

ESD bags

When working with electronics, it is important to use ESD protective packaging when transporting and storing susceptible items. ESD protection can help minimize the risk of electrical shocks and burns, while also providing transport and storage protection. A protective package can also protect the parts and components while they are not in use, such as when they are being transported to and from the factory.

While handling a PCB, it is important to follow the manufacturer’s instructions and follow their guidelines. This is essential because a poor ESD protection plan can result in damage to electronic components. If you are unsure of how to properly handle the components during the assembly process, ask a professional.

Combination of both

To avoid static electricity during SMT assembly, it is essential to ground the electronics. Grounding can be of two types, soft grounding and hard grounding. Soft grounding means connecting the electronic devices to a low-impedance ground, while hard grounding means connecting the electronic components to a high-impedance ground. Both types of grounding can prevent static electricity and protect electronic components from damage.

ESD is a major source of damage in the electronics industry. ESD causes performance degradation and even component failure. It’s estimated that 8% to 33% of all electronics failures are caused by ESD. Controlling this type of damage can improve efficiency, quality, and profits.

How Do We Distinguish the DC Resistance and Dynamic Resistance of a Semiconductor Diode?

How Do We Distinguish the DC Resistance and Dynamic Resistance of a Semiconductor Diode?

In order to understand how the resistance of a semiconductor diode varies with current and voltage, we need to distinguish the two different types of resistance. The two types of resistance are static and dynamic. Dynamic resistance is much more variable than static resistance, so we must distinguish the two with care.

Zener impedance

The Zener impedance of semiconductor diode is a measure of the apparent resistance of a semiconductor diode. It is calculated by measuring the ripple in the input and the change in the source current. For example, if the source current changes from three to five milliamps to seven milliamps, the ripple in the output will be about three-half milliamps. The dynamic resistance of a zener diode is equal to 14 ohms.

The breakdown of the zener impedance of a semiconductor diode occurs when a reverse biased voltage is applied to it. At this voltage, the electric field in the depletion region is strong enough to pull electrons from the valence band. The free electrons then break the bond with their parent atom. This is what causes the flow of electric current through a diode.

When working with a buck circuit, the zener impedance of a semiconductor diode is an important parameter. It can affect the efficiency of a simple buck circuit. If it is too high, the diode may fail to work. If this happens, it is best to reduce the current.

The zener effect is most prominent when the voltage of a diode is below 5.5 volts. At higher voltages, the avalanche breakdown becomes the primary effect. The two phenomena have opposite thermal characteristics, but if the zener diode is nearer to six volts, it can perform very well.

Analyze the Role of Layered Stack Design in Suppressing EMI

Analyze the Role of Layered Stack Design in Suppressing EMI

Layered stack design is the process of using a PCB with many layers to improve signal integrity and reduce EMI. A general purpose high-performance 6-layer board, for example, lays the first and sixth layers as ground and power layers. In between these two layers is a centered double microstrip signal line layer that provides excellent EMI suppression. However, this design has its disadvantages, including the fact that the trace layer is only two layers thick. The conventional six-layer board has short outer traces that can reduce EMI.

Impedance analysis tool

If you’re looking for a PCB design tool to minimize your PCB’s susceptibility to EMI, you’ve come to the right place. Impedance analysis software helps you determine the correct materials for your PCB and determine which configuration is most likely to suppress EMI. These tools also allow you to design your PCB’s layered stack in a way that minimizes the effects of EMI.

When it comes to PCB layered stack design, EMI is often a major concern for many manufacturers. To reduce this problem, you can use a PCB layered stack design with a three to six-mil separation between adjacent layers. This design technique can help you minimize common-mode EMI.

Arrangement of plane and signal layers

When designing a PCB, it is vital to consider the arrangement of plane and signal layers. This can help to minimize the effect of EMI. Generally, signal layers should be located adjacent to power and ground planes. This allows for better thermal management. The signal layer’s conductors can dissipate heat through active or passive cooling. Similarly, multiple planes and layers help to suppress EMI by minimizing the number of direct paths between signal layers and power and ground planes.

One of the most popular PCB layered stack designs is the six-layer PCB stackup. This design provides shielding for low-speed traces and is ideal for orthogonal or dual-band signal routing. Ideally, higher-speed analog or digital signals should be routed on the outer layers.

Impedance matching

PCB layered stack design can be a valuable tool in suppressing EMI. The layered structure offers good field containment and set of planes. The layered structure allows for low-impedance connections to GND directly, eliminating the need for vias. It also allows higher layer counts.

One of the most critical aspects of PCB design is impedance matching. Impedance matching allows the PCB traces to match the substrate material, thus keeping the signal strength within the required range. Signal integrity is increasingly important as switching speeds increase. This is one of the reasons why printed circuit boards can no longer be treated as point-to-point connections. Since the signals are moving along traces, the impedance can change significantly, reflecting the signal back to its source.

When designing PCB layered stacks, it is important to consider the inductance of the power supply. High copper resistance on the power supply increases the likelihood of differential mode EMI. By minimizing this problem, it is possible to design circuits that have fewer signal lines and shorter trace lengths.

Controlled impedance routing

In the design of electronic circuits, controlled impedance routing is an important consideration. Controlled impedance routing can be achieved by using a layered stack up strategy. In a layered stack up design, a single power plane is used to carry the supply current instead of multiple power planes. This design has several advantages. One of these is that it can help avoid EMI.

Controlled impedance routing is an important design element for suppressing EMI. Using planes separated by three to six mils can help contain magnetic and electric fields. Furthermore, this type of design can help lower common-mode EMI.

Protection of sensitive traces

Layered stack design is a critical element in suppressing EMI. A good board stack-up can achieve good field containment and provide a good set of planes. But, it must be designed carefully to avoid causing EMC problems.

Generally, a 3 to 6-mil separated plane can suppress high-end harmonics, low transients, and common-mode EMI. However, this approach is not suitable for suppressing EMI caused by low-frequency noises. A three to six-mil-spaced stack up can only suppress EMI if the plane spacing is equal to or greater than the trace width.

A high-performance general-purpose six-layer board design lays the first and sixth layers as the ground. The third and fourth layers take the power supply. In between, a centered double microstrip signal line layer is laid. This design provides excellent EMI suppression. However, the disadvantage of this design is that the trace layer is only two layers thick. Therefore, the conventional six-layer board is preferred.

3 suggerimenti per i principianti del disegno di PCB

3 suggerimenti per i principianti del disegno di PCB

For beginners, it is important to follow a few basic principles when drawing PCBs. These include the use of multiple grids, keeping parts 50 meters apart, and using 45-degree angle traces. The ancients once said that ice is difficult to break, but you can break it with persistence and perseverance.

Basic principles

When creating a PCB, it is critical to know the basic principles of PCB drawing. These guidelines address important topics like the size and shape of a PCB. They also address issues like the placement of components and interconnections. The size and shape of your PCB should be appropriate for the manufacturing process that it will go through. Additionally, you need to consider reference points that will be necessary during the PCB manufacturing process, such as holes for fixtures or crossed marks for optical sensors. It is important to ensure that these points do not interfere with components.

A proper arrangement of components on the board should result in an efficient flow of power and data. This means that the wires should be arranged as evenly as possible. The wiring area should be at least one mm from the edge of the PCB board and around any mounting holes. Signal lines should be radial and not appear as loopbacks.

Using 45-degree angle traces

If you are a beginner in PCB drawing, you should be wary of using 45-degree angle traces. Those traces may take up more space than other angles and aren’t ideal for all applications. However, 45 degree angles are a very valid design practice in many situations.

One of the major reasons for using 45-degree angles in PCB drawings is the safety factor. Because these traces are much narrower than standard traces, you shouldn’t make any sharp turns. This is because the board’s manufacturing process etches the outside corner of the board narrower. One simple solution to this problem is to use two 45-degree bends with a short leg in between. You can then put text on the top layer of the board to make it more clear which layer is which.

Another reason to use 45-degree angle traces is because the width of the traces will be less affected. The reason for this is that 90-degree angles result in etched tips, which can cause short circuits. Using 45-degree angle traces reduces the routing job for the manufacturer. With 45-degree angle traces, all copper on the board can be etched without any issues.

Using snap grids

Using snap grids for PCB drawing beginners can be very helpful. It allows you to easily adjust the layout and keeps components neat and symmetrical. Some advanced PCB design software has hotkeys to switch grid sizes. You can also switch to top-down or “through the board” orientations, which require viewing the bottom layer as mirror images. This approach should only be used as a last resort.

PCB drawing beginners can set the default Snap Grid size, which is usually 0.250″. In addition, users can change the snap grid’s spacing to 0.25 inches. However, it is recommended that you turn off the snap grid feature if you plan to connect traces to parts that have unusual pin spacing.

Come comprendere alcune fasi importanti della progettazione di schede PCB

Come comprendere alcune fasi importanti della progettazione di schede PCB

Se siete interessati a progettare una scheda PCB, dovete conoscere una serie di fasi importanti. Queste fasi comprendono l'ideazione, la definizione, la convalida e il posizionamento dei componenti. La comprensione di queste fasi vi aiuterà a realizzare il miglior progetto possibile.

Ideazione

La creazione di una scheda PCB efficace inizia con la definizione dello scopo del dispositivo. È essenziale far coincidere le dimensioni e i vincoli di altezza della scheda con i componenti previsti. Altre considerazioni riguardano la ESR dei componenti alle alte frequenze e la stabilità della temperatura. Inoltre, è necessario scegliere la larghezza e la spaziatura delle tracce. La mancata osservanza di questa regola generale può portare a un'esplosione dei costi.

Il processo di progettazione dei circuiti stampati inizia con l'ideazione, la definizione e la convalida. Questa fase è fondamentale e precede la progettazione di un prototipo o l'esecuzione di un progetto. Evidenzia la creatività del progettista e assicura che tutti i componenti hardware siano allineati e congruenti. Inoltre, consente la collaborazione incrociata tra i vari membri del team, con conseguente sinergia.

Definizione

La progettazione di un PCB è un processo complesso. Comprende la scelta dei materiali giusti per la base del PCB, la selezione di una regola di progettazione e la scelta delle dimensioni finali. Il PCB deve anche essere testato per garantire che funzioni correttamente nelle condizioni operative previste. Se la progettazione non viene eseguita correttamente, il progetto potrebbe fallire.

La prima fase della progettazione di un circuito stampato consiste nel creare una serie di progetti. Questa operazione viene eseguita tramite un software. I progetti servono come modello per la progettazione. Il progettista può anche utilizzare un calcolatore della larghezza delle tracce per determinare gli strati interni ed esterni. Le tracce di rame conduttivo e i circuiti sono contrassegnati con inchiostro nero. Le tracce sono note come strati nel progetto del PCB. Esistono due tipi di strati: quelli esterni e quelli interni.

Convalida

Le schede PCB vengono sottoposte a processi di validazione per garantire che siano state progettate correttamente. Questi test vengono eseguiti esaminando le strutture della scheda. Queste strutture comprendono sonde e connettori, nonché lo standard Beatty per i parametri dei materiali. Questi test vengono eseguiti per eliminare eventuali errori di progettazione, come le riflessioni.

Le schede PCB vengono quindi preparate per la produzione. Il processo dipende dallo strumento CAD utilizzato e dall'impianto di produzione. Di solito comporta la generazione di file Gerber, che sono disegni di ogni strato. Sono disponibili diversi strumenti di visualizzazione e verifica Gerber, alcuni dei quali sono integrati negli strumenti CAD, mentre altri sono applicazioni autonome. Un esempio è ViewMate, scaricabile e utilizzabile gratuitamente.

Il processo di validazione prevede anche il collaudo del dispositivo. Il progetto viene testato con un prototipo per garantire la risposta prevista. Inoltre, viene effettuata un'analisi del circuito per determinare se il progetto è stabile. I risultati di questo test determinano la necessità di eventuali modifiche. È necessario apportare alcune modifiche per migliorare il progetto e garantire che sia conforme alle specifiche del cliente.

Posizionamento dei componenti

Il posizionamento dei componenti sulle schede PCB può avvenire in molti modi. È possibile posizionarli sopra o sotto un altro componente, oppure utilizzare una combinazione di questi metodi. I posizionamenti possono essere resi ordinati allineando i componenti scegliendo Allinea in alto o Allinea in basso. È anche possibile distribuire uniformemente i componenti sulla scheda selezionandoli e facendo clic con il pulsante destro del mouse. È anche possibile spostare i componenti sul lato superiore o inferiore del PCB premendo L.

Nella progettazione di circuiti stampati, il posizionamento dei componenti è fondamentale. L'ideale sarebbe posizionare i componenti sul lato superiore della scheda. Tuttavia, se il componente ha una bassa dissipazione termica, può essere collocato sul lato inferiore. Si consiglia inoltre di raggruppare i componenti simili e di disporli in una fila uniforme. Inoltre, è opportuno posizionare i condensatori di disaccoppiamento in prossimità dei componenti attivi. Inoltre, è necessario posizionare i connettori in base ai requisiti di progetto.

Tensione di rottura del dielettrico

Sia che stiate progettando il vostro PCB, sia che vi stiate procurando un PCB da un produttore, ci sono diverse fasi che dovete conoscere. Alcune di queste fasi comprendono: la verifica della funzionalità dei componenti elettrici e del layout del PCB. Ciò avviene sottoponendo il PCB a una serie di test in conformità agli standard IPC-9252. Due dei test più comuni sono quelli di isolamento e di continuità del circuito. Questi test verificano l'eventuale presenza di disconnessioni o cortocircuiti nella scheda.

Una volta completato il processo di progettazione, è importante considerare l'espansione termica e la resistenza termica dei componenti. Queste due aree sono importanti perché l'espansione termica dei componenti della scheda aumenta quando il calore aumenta. La Tg dei componenti di una scheda deve essere sufficientemente alta per evitare che i componenti vengano danneggiati o deformati. Se la Tg è troppo bassa, i componenti possono guastarsi prematuramente.

Misure di interferenza nella progettazione di circuiti stampati

Misure di interferenza nella progettazione di circuiti stampati

If you’re looking for interference measures in PCB circuit board design, you’ve come to the right place. These measures include shielding, grounding, transmission lines, and low-pass filters. These measures can help prevent EMI and noise, as well as improve the performance of your electronic products.

Shielding

Shielding is an important part of the PCB circuit board design process. It prevents EMI, or electromagnetic interference, from interfering with the circuit board. EMI is caused by electrical signals, which are often higher in frequency than the circuit board itself. Metal shields or cans on the circuit board help to block this kind of interference. Shielding is an important aspect of PCB design, regardless of whether the board is designed for analog circuitry or digital.

Typically, the shielding material is made up of several copper layers. These copper layers are connected to one another with stitched vias, and the shielding layer is sandwiched between them. A solid copper layer offers higher shielding, while cross-hatched copper layers provide shielding without compromising flexibility.

Shielding materials are often made of copper or tin. These metals are useful for shielding circuits, since they isolate them from the rest of the board. Shielding can also change the thickness of a flexible circuit. As a result, it can lower the bend capacity. Shielding materials should be chosen carefully, because there are certain limits to how flexible a circuit board can be.

Grounding

Grounding in PCB circuit board design is important to maintain signal integrity and minimize EMI. A reference ground plane provides a clean return path for signals and shields high-speed circuits from EMI. Proper PCB grounding can also help with power circuits. However, there are several factors to consider in PCB circuit design before you begin.

First, isolate analog ground points from the power plane. This can prevent voltage spikes on the power plane. In addition, distribute decoupling capacitors throughout the board. For digital components, you should use a decoupling capacitor of the same value as the power plane. Second, avoid distributing the ground plane on more than one layer, which will increase the loop area.

Ground planes should not be too close to the electronic components. Electromagnetic induction (EMI) causes signals to be coupled if two traces are placed too close together. This phenomenon is known as crosstalk. Ground planes are designed to minimize crosstalk and reduce EMI.

Transmission lines

Transmission lines are important to PCB circuit board design because they can affect the functionality of the board. A transmission line’s properties include characteristic impedance and propagation delay. When these parameters are not controlled, they may cause signal reflections and electromagnetic noise. This will reduce the signal quality and can compromise the integrity of the circuit board.

Transmission lines can be of different shapes, including striplines and coplanar waveguides. Each type of transmission line has a characteristic impedance, which is determined by the width and thickness of the conductive strip. Unlike other types of transmission lines, striplines don’t require a single ground plane, as their conductive strip may be embedded between two different layers.

Another type of transmission line is microstrips, which are typically used on the outermost layer of a PCB circuit board. These types of traces offer high characteristic impedance, which varies with frequency. This difference in impedance leads to reflection of the signal, which travels the opposite direction. In order to avoid this effect, the impedance must be equal to the output impedance of the source.

Low-pass filters

Low-pass filters are used to filter signals, such as radio waves, at low frequencies. Using capacitors as low-pass filters in a PCB circuit board design can improve the performance of a circuit. However, it is not always possible to use Rogers 4003 printed circuit board material, and it is not always available in the market.

Ferrites are commonly used as low-pass filters, but this material is susceptible to saturation when it is exposed to DC current. As such, it is not always possible to use it as a low-pass element if the circuit impedance is higher than the ferrite’s impedance.